States parties and signatories to the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons. States parties are dark blue; former parties are red | |
Signed | 28 September 1954 (1954-09-28) |
---|---|
Location | New York City, United States |
Effective | 6 June 1960 (1960-06-06) |
Condition | 6 ratifications |
Signatories | 23 |
Parties | 99 |
Depositary | Secretary-General of the United Nations |
Languages |
The Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons is a 1954 United Nations multilateral treaty that aims to protect stateless individuals.
Surrounding events
The United Nations Charter and Universal Declaration of Human Rights were approved on 10 December 1948. The Declaration at Article 15 affirms that:
- Everyone has the right to a nationality.
- No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.
The Convention relating to the Status of Refugees was promulgated on 28 July 1951. Despite an original intention, it did not include any content about the status of stateless persons and there was no protocol regarding measures to reduce statelessness.
On 26 April 1954, ECOSOC adopted a Resolution to convene a Conference of Plenipotentiaries to "regulate and improve the status of stateless persons by an international agreement".
The ensuing Conference adopted the Convention on 28 September 1954.
The Convention entered into force on 6 June 1960.
Content
The key substantive content of the convention is listed below.
- Article 1:
- The Convention applies to stateless persons under the protection of the UNHCR but not to those under the protection of other UN agencies (i.e., UNRWA). It does not apply to persons with rights and obligations acknowledged by their country of residence as indistinguishable from those attached to the possession of that country's nationality. It does not apply to war criminals or to the perpetrators of crimes against humanity or against peace. It does not apply to those who have demonstrated themselves to have been enemies of international peace and co-operation.
- Article 7:
- Contracting States shall accord to stateless persons the same treatment as is accorded to aliens generally.
- Article 8:
- No "exceptional measures" to be taken against stateless persons in a Contracting State because of their former nationality.
- Article 9:
- Provisional measures affecting stateless persons may be taken in time of war or grave emergency where national security is at issue.
- Article 10:
- Forcible removal of a stateless person from territory of a Contracting State due to Second World War to count as residence in that territory.
- Article 11:
- Admonition of States to show sympathy to stateless seaman regularly engaged on ships of that State's flag.
- Article 12:
- Personal status (e.g. marital status) of a stateless person to be governed by the law of his/her domicile ahead of the law of his/her residence.
- Article 13:
- Rights to property to be no less than accorded to aliens generally.
- Article 14:
- Intellectual property rights to be no less than accorded by a Contracting State to its own nationals.
- Article 15:
- Right of association to be no less than accorded by each Contracting State to aliens generally.
- Article 16:
- Stateless persons not to be discriminated against in providing "security for costs and eventual penalty", or otherwise by courts in Contracting States.
- Article 17–19:
- Stateless persons to be treated at least as favourably as aliens generally with regard to participation in wage-earning employment.
- Article 20–23:
- Stateless persons to be treated no less favourably than nationals with respect to rationing, housing, public education, and public relief.
- Article 24:
- Extension of Articles 20–23 to labour legislation and social security.
- Article 27:
- Upon request, Contracting States shall issue travel and identity documents to stateless persons within their territory.
- Article 29:
- No discrimination against stateless persons in fiscal charges.
- Article 30:
- Stateless persons to be permitted to transfer their assets to the place of their resettlement.
- Article 31:
- Stateless persons not to be expelled except on grounds of national security or public order.
- Article 32:
- Contracting States shall facilitate assimilation and naturalization of stateless persons.
- Article 33:
- Interpretation disputes between State parties to be finally referable to the International Court of Justice (ICJ)
- Remaining Clauses:
- Territorial application; federal clause; signature, ratification and entry into force.
State parties
As of 2024, the United Nations, the depository of the convention, lists 99 parties to the Convention. One state, the Holy See, has signed the convention as a non-member state but has not ratified it. The 99 parties are:
- Albania
- Algeria
- Angola
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Argentina
- Armenia
- Australia
- Austria
- Azerbaijan
- Barbados
- Belgium
- Belize
- Benin
- Bolivia
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Botswana
- Brazil
- Bulgaria
- Burkina Faso
- Chad
- Chile
- Colombia
- Congo
- Costa Rica
- Côte d'Ivoire
- Croatia
- Czech Republic
- Denmark
- Ecuador
- El Salvador
- Eswatini
- Fiji
- Finland
- France
- Gambia
- Georgia
- Germany
- Greece
- Guatemala
- Guinea
- Guinea-Bissau
- Haiti
- Honduras
- Hungary
- Iceland
- Ireland
- Israel
- Italy
- Kiribati
- Latvia
- Lesotho
- Liberia
- Libya
- Liechtenstein
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Malawi
- Mali
- Malta
- Mexico
- Moldova
- Montenegro
- Mozambique
- Netherlands
- Nicaragua
- Niger
- Nigeria
- North Macedonia
- Norway
- Panama
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Philippines
- Portugal
- Sao Tome and Principe
- South Korea
- Romania
- Rwanda
- Senegal
- Serbia
- Sierra Leone
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- South Sudan
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Togo
- Turkey
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Tunisia
- Turkmenistan
- Uganda
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
- Uruguay
- Zambia
- Zimbabwe
Madagascar denounced its accession made in 1962, effective 2 April 1966. The United Kingdom extended the convention to British Hong Kong, and China has declared that the convention continues to apply to Hong Kong post-1997.
See also
Notes
- From the "Declarations and Reservations" of the Treaty Status in December 2023 for the Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons. 28 September 1954. United Nations: New York:
- Holy See section: "The Convention will be applied in the form compatible with the special nature of the State of the Vatican City and without prejudice to the norms that grant access thereunto and sojourn therein."
- Endnotes section, note 6:
By a notification received by the Secretary-General on 2 April 1965, the Government of Madagascar denounced the Convention; the denunciation took effect on 2 April 1966.
- Endnotes section, note 3:
... Upon resuming the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong, China notified the Secretary-General that the Convention will also apply to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
In addition, the notification made by the Government of China contained the following declaration:
The Government of the People's Republic of China cannot undertake that effect will be given in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region to article 25, paragraphs 1 and 2 of the Convention, and can only undertake that the provisions of paragraph 3 of the said article will be applied in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region so far as the law there allows.Within the above ambit, responsibility for the international rights and obligations of a Party to the will be assumed by the Government of the People's Republic of China.
References
- ^ "Status of Treaties: Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons". United Nations Treaty Collection. United Nations. 7 December 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
- ^ Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons: Text of the 1954 Convention (PDF), Geneva: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2014 , With an Introductory Note by the Office of the UNHCR
- "Universal Declaration of Human Rights". Amnesty International.
External links
- Introductory note by Guy S. Goodwin-Gill, procedural history note and audiovisual material on the Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
- Lectures by Guy S. Goodwin-Gill entitled International Migration Law – A General Introduction and Forced Migration – The Evolution of International Refugee Law and Organization in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
- Human rights instruments
- United Nations treaties
- Statelessness
- Treaties concluded in 1954
- Treaties entered into force in 1960
- Treaties of Albania
- Treaties of Algeria
- Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
- Treaties of Argentina
- Treaties of Armenia
- Treaties of Australia
- Treaties of Austria
- Treaties of Azerbaijan
- Treaties of Barbados
- Treaties of Belgium
- Treaties of Belize
- Treaties of Benin
- Treaties of Bolivia
- Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Treaties of Botswana
- Treaties of Brazil
- Treaties of Bulgaria
- Treaties of Burkina Faso
- Treaties of Chad
- Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
- Treaties of Costa Rica
- Treaties of Croatia
- Treaties of the Czech Republic
- Treaties of Denmark
- Treaties of Ecuador
- Treaties of El Salvador
- Treaties of Fiji
- Treaties of Finland
- Treaties of France
- Treaties of the Gambia
- Treaties of Georgia (country)
- Treaties of West Germany
- Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece
- Treaties of Guatemala
- Treaties of Guinea
- Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
- Treaties of Haiti
- Treaties of Honduras
- Treaties of Hungary
- Treaties of Ireland
- Treaties of Israel
- Treaties of Italy
- Treaties of Ivory Coast
- Treaties of Kiribati
- Treaties of Latvia
- Treaties of Lesotho
- Treaties of Liberia
- Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
- Treaties of Liechtenstein
- Treaties of Lithuania
- Treaties of Luxembourg
- Treaties of Malawi
- Treaties of Mali
- Treaties of Mexico
- Treaties of Montenegro
- Treaties of Mozambique
- Treaties of the Netherlands
- Treaties of Nicaragua
- Treaties of Niger
- Treaties of Nigeria
- Treaties of Norway
- Treaties of Panama
- Treaties of Paraguay
- Treaties of Peru
- Treaties of the Philippines
- Treaties of Portugal
- Treaties of South Korea
- Treaties of Moldova
- Treaties of Romania
- Treaties of Rwanda
- Treaties of São Tomé and Príncipe
- Treaties of Senegal
- Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
- Treaties of Yugoslavia
- Treaties of Sierra Leone
- Treaties of Slovakia
- Treaties of Slovenia
- Treaties of Spain
- Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- Treaties of Eswatini
- Treaties of Sweden
- Treaties of Switzerland
- Treaties of North Macedonia
- Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
- Treaties of Tunisia
- Treaties of Turkey
- Treaties of Turkmenistan
- Treaties of Uganda
- Treaties of Ukraine
- Treaties of the United Kingdom
- Treaties of Uruguay
- Treaties of Zambia
- Treaties of Zimbabwe
- Nationality treaties
- 1954 in New York City
- Treaties extended to Guernsey
- Treaties extended to Jersey
- Treaties extended to the Isle of Man
- Treaties extended to Bermuda
- Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands
- Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands
- Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
- Treaties extended to Anguilla
- Treaties extended to Montserrat
- Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands
- Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
- Treaties extended to Greenland
- Treaties extended to French Algeria
- Treaties extended to Guadeloupe
- Treaties extended to Martinique
- Treaties extended to Saint Pierre and Miquelon
- Treaties extended to French Guiana
- Treaties extended to New Caledonia
- Treaties extended to French Polynesia
- Treaties extended to French Somaliland
- Treaties extended to French Comoros
- Treaties extended to Dutch New Guinea
- Treaties extended to Surinam (Dutch colony)
- Treaties extended to Basutoland
- Treaties extended to the Bechuanaland Protectorate
- Treaties extended to Swaziland (protectorate)
- Treaties extended to British Guiana
- Treaties extended to British Honduras
- Treaties extended to British Hong Kong
- Treaties extended to the British Solomon Islands
- Treaties extended to the Colony of Aden
- Treaties extended to the Colony of Fiji
- Treaties extended to the Gambia Colony and Protectorate
- Treaties extended to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands
- Treaties extended to British Kenya
- Treaties extended to the Crown Colony of Malta
- Treaties extended to British Mauritius
- Treaties extended to the Colony of North Borneo
- Treaties extended to the Colony of Sarawak
- Treaties extended to the Crown Colony of Seychelles
- Treaties extended to the Crown Colony of Singapore
- Treaties extended to the Uganda Protectorate
- Treaties extended to the West Indies Federation
- Treaties extended to the Sultanate of Zanzibar
- Treaties extended to the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
- Treaties extended to West Berlin