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The 1973–1975 recession or 1970s recession was a period of economic stagnation in much of the Western world during the 1970s, putting an end to the overall post–World War II economic expansion. It differed from many previous recessions by involving stagflation, in which high unemployment and high inflation existed simultaneously.

United States

Among the causes were the 1973 oil crisis, the deficits of the Vietnam War under President Johnson, and the fall of the Bretton Woods system after the Nixon shock. The emergence of newly industrialized countries increased competition in the metal industry, triggering a steel crisis, where industrial core areas in North America and Europe were forced to re-structure. The 1973–74 stock market crash made the recession evident.

The recession in the United States lasted from November 1973 (the Richard Nixon presidency) to March 1975 (the Gerald Ford presidency), and its effects on the US were felt through the Jimmy Carter presidency until the mid-term of Ronald Reagan's first term as president, characterized by low economic growth. Although the economy was expanding from 1975 to the first recession of the early 1980s, which began in January 1980, inflation remained extremely high until the early 1980s.

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that 2.3 million jobs were lost during the recession; at the time, this was a post-war record.

Although the recession ended in March 1975, the unemployment rate did not peak for several months. In May 1975, the rate reached its height for the cycle of 9 percent. (Four cycles have had higher peaks than this: the late 2000s recession, where the unemployment rate peaked at 10 percent in October 2009 in the United States; the early 1980s recession where unemployment peaked at 10.8% in November and December 1982; the Great Depression, where unemployment peaked at 25% in 1933; and the COVID-19 recession where unemployment peaked at 14.7% in 2020.)

United Kingdom

This article is part of a series aboutHarold Wilson
Labour Party MP for Huyton Pre-Prime Minister 1960 leadership election 1963 leadership election 1964 general election Prime Minister of the United Kingdom First term Cabinet Circular 10/65 Capital gains tax Abolition of death penalty Decimalisation announcement 1966 general election Second term Cabinet Decriminalisation of homosexuality Abortion Act 1967 Race Relations Act 1968 Open University Divorce Reform Act 1969 Operation Banner 1970 general election Third and fourth terms February 1974 general election Cabinet 1973–1975 recession October 1974 general election 1976 sterling crisis
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The recession also lasted from 1973 to 1975 in the United Kingdom. GDP declined by 3.9% depending on the source. It took 14 quarters for the UK's GDP to recover to that at the start of recession.

The oil crisis was largely to blame for the downturn in the United Kingdom, just as it was in the US, although an additional crisis came in the form of the Three-Day Week, which was the result of fears over power shortages as a miner's strike was announced in December 1973. The three-day week was a state of emergency imposed by Conservative prime minister Edward Heath, which came into force on 1 January 1974, meaning that commercial users of electricity were limited to three specific consecutive days' consumption of electricity, and forbidden to work longer hours of those days, although services deemed essential were exempted from these regulations. Electricity blackouts across the country were widespread.

There was also double-digit inflation during this period, which peaked at more than 20%.

Edward Heath's offer of a 13% pay rise was rejected by the miners, and he then responded by calling a snap election on 28 February 1974 in what he saw as an opportunity for the electorate to show the miners that the government – and not the miners or the unions – were responsible for running the country. Most opinion polls suggested that the Tories would be re-elected with a majority, but when the election results came through on the morning of 1 March 1974, no party had an overall majority. The gap between Ted Heath's Tory government and the Labour opposition led by Harold Wilson (who had been prime minister for nearly six years until his surprise defeat by Heath's Tories in the 1970 election) was so narrow that the Tories received the most votes but Labour won slightly more seats.

Heath fought to keep the Tories in government by attempting to form a coalition with the Liberal Party and offering a cabinet post to Liberal leader Jeremy Thorpe, but this attempt to remain in power proved unsuccessful for Heath and he was forced to resign as prime minister on 4 March, paving the way for Harold Wilson's Labour to return to power as a minority government before winning a second election on 10 October by a majority of just three seats.

Economic growth was re-established in 1975 as the recession's end was declared, but Britain's economy remained shaky. Inflation remained high, strikes continued to cripple manufacturing and public services, unemployment continued to rise above the 1,000,000 mark, and just after the resignation of Harold Wilson as prime minister in March 1976, his successor James Callaghan was forced to call on the International Monetary Fund for a multibillion-pound bail-out in an attempt to bolster Britain's flagging economy.

The Labour government's tiny majority was wiped out by early 1977 as a result of by-election defeats, and Callaghan managed to form a coalition with the Liberals to hang onto power. The pact concluded in the summer of 1978, by which time economic growth had picked up (although unemployment now stood at a postwar high of 1,500,000), and opinion polls suggested that Labour could form a majority government if a general election was held. However, Callaghan ruled out an election in September 1978, and within weeks a series of strikes began which would spark the Winter of Discontent. In March 1979, a vote of no confidence issued by Tory opposition leader Margaret Thatcher sparked the collapse of the Labour government and in the election in May that year, the Tories returned to power.

In the first year of the Thatcher-led Tory government inflation rose to 15.3%, but then fell to 5% by the time of their election win in 1983. However, the monetarist policies designed to curb inflation caused a recession in 1980 and resulted in a steep rise in unemployment from 5.4% (1,390,46 people) to 11.5% (3,104,66 people). It was not until 2000, by which time Labour had been re-elected as New Labour under Tony Blair that unemployment fell to the level in 1979.

Rest of the world

The oil crisis of 1973 also had similarly large negative effects on other countries that relied heavily on imported oil, such as France, Sweden, Japan, Finland, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Denmark.

In Sweden's particular case, the recession proved devastating to the shipping, ship-building, and logging and mining industries. The increase in oil prices caused export revenues from shipping to drop by 25% within a few years. Sweden at this time had the world's second largest ship building industry (after Japan), and the spillover effects devastated shipbuilders (Swedish shipbuilders lost some 3 billion SEK in 1974), which in turn led to problems in Sweden's steel industry. The loss of shipbuilding jobs devastated port cities such as Malmö, home to Kockums' shipyard, which would struggle for the next 20 years. Furthermore, the ripple effects also compounded issues in the iron ore mining industry, at a time when Swedish iron ore was experiencing rising mining costs and facing increased low-cost competition from new mines in places such as Australia and Brazil. The inflationary recession, combined with an expansionary government fiscal policy and a generous collective wage agreement among unions in 1974–1976, put Sweden on a highly inflationary path: the price index quintupled between 1972 and 1995. Between 1965 and 1979, the public sector's share of total employment rose from 12% to 30%, which greatly increased the total tax burden at a time of escalating costs and prices, which fed into wage settlements, competitiveness, and profitability, and contributed to a sharply deteriorated trade balance.

Some newly industrialized countries saw some diversionary benefits from the crisis, namely Spain, Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Mexico, and Brazil, as their low-cost environments attracted new investments and gave their products a competitive edge over competitors in higher-cost, developed countries suffering from higher energy costs. These countries gained increased market share both in their domestic markets and abroad at accelerating rates during the 1970s.

Economic recovery

In the United States, the economic recovery from the 1973 to 1975 recession had many of the characteristics of a typical U-type recovery. GNP (the measure at the time) reached and exceeded its pre-recession level by first quarter 1976. Industrial production had recovered to its pre-recession levels by the end of 1976.

The major influence of the experience of the 1974 recession came in the form of the concept of stagflation, that is, inflation during a period of recession. The Federal Reserve adjusted its mandate as a result, believing that the inflation-unemployment tradeoff was much higher than previously thought, and established a 6% target as full employment. Thus, unemployment, which had reached a peak of 9% in May 1975, did not dip below 6% until June 1978. The pre-1974 recession level of 4.6% unemployment was not reached again until November 1997, when the Federal Reserve deviated from its prior policy.

The interpretation regarding the cause of stagflation was and continues to be controversial. The oil embargo of 1973–1974, which pushed prices of petroleum from $15 to $45 a barrel (2010 dollars) almost overnight, certainly contributed to inflationary measures during this period, taking a larger share of incomes (an "oil tax") at a time of falling consumer spending. The price of petroleum products continued to rise throughout the decade, reaching a peak of about $73 a barrel (2010 dollars) in 1979 as a result of the Iranian revolution, a price not exceeded until 2008 in the wake of dislocations due to the war in Iraq.

See also

• 1970s energy crisis
• List of recessions in the United States
• List of recessions in the United Kingdom
• Phillips curve
• Steel crisis

References

1. Martha C. White (12 January 2009). "This Recession Was Brought to You by the Letters U, V and L". The Big Money.
2. "Stagflation
3. "NBER Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions". NBER. Archived from the original on 5 July 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2008.
4. "Unemployment continued to rise in 1982 as the recession deepened" (PDF). Bureau of Labor Statistics. U.S. Bureau of Labor. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
5. Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved on 19 September 2009
6. "The Recession of 2007–2009" (PDF). Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
7. Stevenson, Tom (11 February 2012). "Lessons to be learnt from rampant inflation of the 70s".
8. "1974 Feb: Hung parliament looms". BBC News. 5 April 2005.
9. "1974 Oct: Wilson makes it four". BBC News. 5 April 2005.
10. "1979: Thatcher wins Tory landslide". BBC News. 5 April 2005.
11. "Changes in the economy since the 1970s – Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
12. "Labour Market Statistics: Unemployment by Duration (Edition 2015)". OECD Employment and Labour Market Statistics (database). 22 October 2012. doi:10.1787/bf3ddb8a-en.
13. "Changes in the economy since the 1970s – Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
14. Horváth, Dezsö (1982). Small Economies in the World Economy: The Case of Sweden. Institute for Research on Public Policy. p. 34. ISBN 9780886450632. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
15. "Consumer Price Index: Sweden". Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. January 1955. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
16. Horváth, Dezsö (1982). Small Countries in the World Economy: The Case of Sweden. Institute for Research on Public Policy. p. 42.
17. Zarnowsky, Victor H.; Moore, Geoffrey H. "The Recession and Recovery of 1973–1976" (PDF). National Bureau of Economic Research.
18. "Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey". Bureau of Labor Statistics.
19. Baker, Dean. "The Federal Reserve Board Responds to Bankers". Center for Economic and Policy Research.
20. Morris; et al. "After the Phillips Curve: Persistence of High Inflation and High Unemployment" (PDF). Federal Reserve Bank of Boston.
21. Okun, Arthur. "A Postmortem of the 1974 Recession" (PDF). The Brookings Institution.
22. Williams, James. "Oil Price History and Analysis". www.wtrg.com/prices.htm.

Further reading

• Meltzer, Allan H. (2009). A History of the Federal Reserve – Volume 2, Book 2: 1970–1986. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 865–889. ISBN 978-0226213514.
• Silber, William L. (2012). Volcker: The Triumph of Persistence. New York: Bloomsbury Press. pp. 118–133. ISBN 978-1608190706.
• Wells, Wyatt C. (1994). Economist in an Uncertain World: Arthur F. Burns and the Federal Reserve, 1970–1978. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 121–162. ISBN 978-0231084963.

• 1970s in economic history
• 1973 in economic history
• 1974 in economic history
• 1975 in economic history
• 1973 in the United States
• 1974 in the United States
• 1975 in the United States
• Recessions
• Recessions in the United States
• Presidency of Richard Nixon
• Presidency of Gerald Ford