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(Redirected from 1988 Nevada Democratic caucuses) Selection of the Democratic Party nominee
1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries
← 1984 February 8 to June 14, 1988 1992 →
4,105 delegates to the Democratic National Convention
2,053 (majority) votes needed to win
 
Candidate Michael Dukakis Jesse Jackson Al Gore
Home state Massachusetts South Carolina Tennessee
Delegate count 1,792 1,023 374
Contests won 30 13 7
Popular vote 10,024,101 6,941,816 3,190,992
Percentage 42.4% 29.3% 13.5%
 
Candidate Paul Simon Dick Gephardt
Home state Illinois Missouri
Delegate count 161 137
Contests won 1 3
Popular vote 1,107,692 1,452,331
Percentage 4.7% 6.1%
First place by convention roll call
Previous Democratic nominee

Walter Mondale

 Democratic nominee

Michael Dukakis

From February 8 to June 14, 1988, voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for president in the 1988 United States presidential election. Massachusetts governor Michael Dukakis was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1988 Democratic National Convention held from July 18 to July 21, 1988, in Atlanta, Georgia.

Background

Having been badly defeated in the 1984 presidential election, the Democrats in 1985 and 1986 were eager to find a new approach to win the presidency. They created the Democratic Leadership Council (DLC), with the aim of recruiting a candidate for the 1988 election.

The large gains in the 1986 mid-term elections (which resulted in the Democrats taking back control of the Senate after six years of Republican rule) and the continuing Iran–Contra affair gave Democrats confidence in the run-up to the primary season.

Candidates

Nominee

Candidate Most recent office Home state Campaign

Withdrawal date

Popular

vote

Contests won Running mate
Michael Dukakis Governor of Massachusetts
(1975–1979,
1983–1991) 		 Massachusetts

(Campaign)
Secured nomination:
June 7, 1988

10,024,101
(42.37%) 		30
NH, MN, ME primary, VT primary
FL, HI caucus, ID caucus, MD
MA, RI, TX, WA
AS caucus, CO caucus, KS caucus
CT, WI, AZ caucus, NY, UT caucus, PA, IN
OH, NE, OR, CA, MT, NJ, NM, ND 		Lloyd Bentsen

Withdrew during primaries or convention

Candidate Most recent office Home state Campaign

Withdrawal date

Popular vote Contests won
Jesse Jackson Civil rights leader  South Carolina
Eliminated at convention: July 21, 1988
(Campaign) 		6,941,816
(29.34%) 		13
AL, GA, LA, MS, VA
AK caucus, SC, PR
VT caucus, MI caucus, DE caucus, DC
Al Gore U.S. Senator
from Tennessee
(1985–1993) 		 Tennessee
Withdrew: April 21, 1988
(Campaign) 		3,190,992
(13.49%) 		7
WY caucus, AR, KY
NV caucus, NC, OK, TN
Paul Simon U.S. Senator
from Illinois
(1985–1997) 		 Illinois
Withdrew: April 7, 1988(Campaign) 		1,107,692
(4.68%) 		1
IL
Dick Gephardt U.S. Representative
from Missouri
(1977–2005) 		 Missouri
Withdrew: March 29, 1988(Campaign) 		1,452,331
(6.14%) 		3
IA caucus, SD, MO
Gary Hart U.S. Senator
from Colorado
(1975–1987) 		 Colorado
Suspended campaign: May 8, 1987
Re-entered: December 12, 1987
Withdrew: March 12, 1988 (Campaign) 		390,200
(1.65%) 		0

Candidates who received less than 1%

Withdrew before primaries

Candidate Experience Home state Campaign

Withdrawal date

Pat Schroeder U.S. Representative
from Colorado
(1973–1997) 		 Colorado Withdrew: September 28, 1987(Campaign)
Joe Biden U.S. Senator
from Delaware
(1973–2009) 		 Delaware
Withdrew: September 23, 1987
(Campaign)

Declined

Polling

Nationwide polling

1986

Poll source Publication Bruce Babbitt Joseph Biden Bill Bradley Tom Bradley Dale Bumpers Bill Clinton Tony Coelho Mario Cuomo Michael Dukakis Dianne Feinstein Richard Gephardt Gary Hart Lee Iacocca Jesse Jackson Sam Nunn Chuck Robb Jay Rockefeller Patricia Schroeder Mark White
Gallup Jan 10-13, 1986 1% 1% 8% 8% 1% - * 22% - 3% 2% 47% 18% 16% 3% 3% 6% 1% 5%
Gallup April 11-14, 1986 1% 1% 6% 7% 2% - * 27% - 4% 1% 39% 14% 18% 2% 5% 6% 2% 2%
Gallup June 9-16, 1986 * * 7% 7% * * * 22% - 4% * 34% 26% 17% * 3% 6% * 3%
- - - - - - - 30% - - - 55% - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - 59% 28% - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - 75% - 14% - - - - -
Gallup September 3-17, 1986 - - - - - - - 29% - - - 54% - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - 58% 29% - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - 74% - 15% - - - - -
Gallup October 24-27, 1986 * * 8% 7% * * * 27% 3% * * 32% 26% 14% * 3% 6% * 3%

1987

Poll source Publication Bruce Babbitt Joseph Biden Bill Bradley Dale Bumpers Bill Clinton Mario Cuomo Michael Dukakis Richard Gephardt Al Gore Gary Hart Lee Iacocca Jesse Jackson Sam Nunn Chuck Robb Paul Simon Pat Schroeder Others
Washington Post - ABC-News Janaury 15-19, 1987 2% 1% - - - 18% - 1% - 39% - 13% 4% - - - -
Gallup Jan 16-19, 1987 1% 2% 11% 4% - 23% 3% 1% - 53% 29% 21% 5% 6% - - -
- - - - - 23% - - - 60% - - - - - - -
New York Times - CBS-News Jan 18-21, 1987 1% 1% - - - 17% 1% 2% - 33% - 9% 3% - - - -
Washington Post - ABC-News March 5-9, 1987 1% 1% - 3% - - 4% 3% - 46% - 14% 4% 2% - - -
Gallup April 10-13, 1987 4% 2% - - - - 7% 6% 6% - - 27% - - - - 12%
Washington Post - ABC-News May 4, 1987 - - - - - - 9% - - 36% - 12% - - - - -
New York Times - CBS-News May 5-6, 1987 1% 1% - - - - 6% 4% - 32% - 10% - - 1% - -
Gallup May 6-7, 1987 2% 1% - - - - 11% 7% 6% - - 22% - - 9% - 5%
New York Times - CBS-News May 11-14, 1987 2% 2% - - 2% - 11% 4% 5% - - 17% - - 6% - -
3% 1% 6% - 2% 25% 6% 3% 4% - - 12% 4% - 5% - -
Washington Post - ABC-News May 28-June 2, 1987 4% 3% - - - * 11% 10% 5% - - 25% - - 13% - -
Gallup June 8-14, 1987 2% 7% - - - - 11% 7% 5% - - 18% - - 7% - 5%
Gallup July 10-13, 1987 2% 4% - - - - 13% 3% 8% - - 17% - - 7% - 2%
New York Times - CBS-News July 21-22, 1987 3% 4% - - - - 8% 3% 7% - - 14% - - 7% 5% 3%
Gallup Aug. 24-Sep. 2, 1987 2% 3% - - - - 13% 6% 8% - - 19% - - 7% 6% 2%
Gallup - Times Mirror Co. Sep. 1-13, 1987 1% 4% - - - - 15% 7% 6% - - 24% - - 7% 3% 3%
Washington Post - ABC-News September 17-23, 1987 4% 6% - - - - 12% 8% 7% - - 23% - - 7% - -
Gallup October 23-26, 1987 1% - - - - - 14% 5% 7% - - 22% - - 8% - *
Washington Post - ABC-News December 13-15, 1987 4% 6% - - - - 15% 8% 7% 30% - 20% - - 7% - -
New York Times - CBS-News December 15, 1987 2% - - - - - 9% 1% 5% 21% - 17% - - 4% - -
4% - - - - - 11% 3% 5% - - 22% - - 5% - -
Gallup Dec. 7-28, 1987 3% - - - - - 10% 2% 5% 31% - 13% - - 10% - 26%

1988

Poll source Publication Bruce Babbitt Michael Dukakis Dick Gephardt Al Gore Gary Hart Jesse Jackson Paul Simon Other/Undecided
YCS Jan. 3–6, 1988 – 11% 4% – 28% 17% 13% 27%
CBS News/New York Times Jan. 17–21, 1988 2% 6% 4% 4% 23% 17% 9% 35%
Washington Post/ABC Jan. 17–23, 1988 3% 11% 4% – 23% 25% 12% 22%
Gallup Jan. 22–24, 1988 3% 16% 9% 6% 23% 15% 9% 19%
Harris Interactive Jan. 7–26, 1988 – 15% 6% – 19% 15% 8% 37%
Gordon Black Jan. 21–28, 1988 – 13% 9% – 17% 13% 7% 41%
CBS News/New York Times Jan. 30–31, 1988 – 8% 4% – 18% 16% 6% 48%
February 8: Iowa caucus
February 16: New Hampshire primary
CBS News/New York Times Feb. 17–21, 1988 1% 21% 12% 8% 10% 13% 6% 30%
March 8: Super Tuesday
CBS News/New York Times Mar. 19–22, 1988 – 29% 8% 14% – 22% 6% 21%

Head-to-head polling

Poll source Publication Sample

size

Margin

of error

Mario Cuomo Gary Hart Lee Iacocca Jesse Jackson Other/Undecided
Gallup June 9–16, 1986 452 RV ±6.0% 30% 55% – — 15%
– 59% 28% — 13%
— 75% – 14% 11%

Statewide and regional polling

South

Poll source Dates Sample
size 		Margin
of error 		Bruce Babbitt Joe Biden Mario Cuomo Michael Dukakis Dick Gephardt Al Gore Gary Hart Jesse Jackson Paul Simon Other/Undecided
Atlanta Journal-Constitution Sep. 18–28, 1987 6,452 A ±2.0% 3% 3% – 9% 5% 13% – 27% 5% 35%
– – 17% – – – 27% 11% – 45%

California

Poll source Dates Sample
size 		Margin
of error 		Bruce Babbitt Joe Biden Michael Dukakis Dick Gephardt Al Gore Gary Hart Jesse Jackson Paul Simon Other/Undecided
Teichner/Sacramento Bee May 8–9, 1987 510 RV ±4.0% 3% 4% 5% 2% 2% 34% 9% 2% 39%
2% 4% 8% 5% 5% – 13% 3% 40%

Maryland

Poll source Dates Sample
size 		Margin
of error 		Bruce Babbitt Joe Biden Michael Dukakis Dick Gephardt Al Gore Gary Hart Jesse Jackson Paul Simon Other/Undecided
Savitz Research Center October 9–14, 1987 559 RV ±4.0% 2% – 12% 5% 6% – 35% 6% 35%

New Hampshire

Poll source Dates Sample
size 		Margin
of error 		Bruce Babbitt Joe Biden Mario Cuomo Michael Dukakis Dick Gephardt Al Gore Gary Hart Jesse Jackson Chuck Robb Paul Simon Other/Undecided
Bannon Research Sep.–Oct. 1986 501 LV ±5.0% 1% 1% 26% – 1% – 47% 6% 1% – 19%
1% 1% 19% 27% 1% — 33% 3% – – 17%

Pre-primary events

The Hart-Rice affair

Former U.S. Senator Gary Hart delivers a speech in 1987. Hart was the runner-up for the 1984 Democratic nomination and front-runner for 1988, but his campaign faltered and collapsed after revelations of an extra-marital affair.

The Democratic front-runner for most of 1987 was former Colorado Senator Gary Hart. Hart had made a strong showing in the 1984 primaries and, after Mondale's defeat in the presidential election, had positioned himself as the moderate centrist many Democrats felt their party would need to win.

However, questions and rumors about possible extramarital affairs and about past debts dogged Hart's campaign. One of the great myths is that Senator Hart challenged the media to "put a tail" on him and that reporters then took him up on that challenge. In fact, Hart had told E. J. Dionne of The New York Times that if reporters followed him around, they would "be bored". However, in a separate investigation, the Miami Herald claimed to have received an anonymous tip from a friend of Donna Rice that Rice was involved with Hart. It was only after Hart had been discovered that the Herald reporters found Hart's quote in a pre-print of The New York Times Magazine.

On May 8, 1987, a week after the Donna Rice story broke, Hart dropped out of the race.

In December 1987, Hart surprised many political pundits by resuming his presidential campaign. He again led in the polls for the Democratic nomination, both nationally and in Iowa. However, the allegations of adultery and reports of irregularities in his campaign financing had delivered a fatal blow to his candidacy, and he fared poorly in the early primaries before dropping out again.

The Hart scandal would later be depicted in the 2018 film The Front Runner, with Hugh Jackman portraying Hart.

Biden plagiarism scandals

Senator Joe Biden was another early contender who was forced to withdraw before the primaries when multiple plagiarism scandals derailed his candidacy.
See also: Joe Biden 1988 presidential campaign

Delaware Senator Joe Biden led a highly competitive campaign which ended in controversy after he was accused of plagiarizing a speech by Neil Kinnock, then-leader of the British Labour Party. Though Biden had correctly credited the original author in all speeches but one, the one of which he failed to make mention of the originator was caught on video and sent to the press by members of the Dukakis campaign. In the video Biden is filmed repeating a stump speech by Kinnock, with only minor modifications. Michael Dukakis later acknowledged that his campaign was responsible for leaking the tape, and two members of his staff resigned.

It was also discovered that Biden had been guilty of plagiarism years before, while a student at the Syracuse University College of Law in the 1960s. Though Biden professed his integrity, the impression lingering in the media as the result of this double punch would lead him to drop out of the race. He formally suspended his campaign on September 28, 1987.

The Delaware Supreme Court's Board on Professional Responsibility would later clear Biden of the law school plagiarism charges.

After campaigns in 2008 and 2020, Biden was elected vice president in 2008 and 2012 and president in 2020.

Endorsements

Main article: Endorsements in the 1988 Democratic presidential primaries

Michael Dukakis

Jesse Jackson

Al Gore

Dick Gephardt

Gary Hart

Paul Simon

Results

In the Iowa caucuses, Gephardt finished first, Simon finished second, and Dukakis finished third. In the New Hampshire primary, Dukakis finished first, Gephardt finished second, and Simon finished third. Dukakis and Gore campaigned hard against Gephardt with negative ads, and eventually the United Auto Workers retracted their endorsement of Gephardt, who was heavily dependent on labor union backing.

In the Super Tuesday races, Dukakis won six primaries, Gore five, Jackson five and Gephardt one, with Gore and Jackson splitting the southern states. The next week, Simon won Illinois. 1988 is tied with 1992 as the race with the most candidates winning primaries since the McGovern reforms of 1971. Gore's effort to paint Dukakis as too liberal for the general election proved unsuccessful and he eventually withdrew. Jackson focused more on getting enough delegates to make sure African-American interests were represented in the platform than on winning outright. Dukakis eventually emerged as the party's nominee.

Date
(daily totals) 		Total pledged
delegates 		Contest Delegates won and popular vote Total
Michael Dukakis Jesse Jackson Al Gore Paul Simon Dick Gephardt Others
February 8 45 Iowa caucus 12
27,750
11,000
80 		15
33,375 		18
39,125
13,625 		124,955
February 16 16 New Hampshire 8
44,112
9,615
8,400 		4
21,094 		4
24,513
15,179 		122,913
February 23 68 Minnesota 25
8,990 		15
5,270 		274 13
4,766
1,970
5,281 		26,551
17 South Dakota 7
22,349
3,867
5,993
3,992 		10
31,184
4,221 		71,606
February 28 20 Maine primary 8
3,170 		7
2,722
139
378
282
2,053 		8,744
March 1 12 Vermont Caucus 6
582 		6
696
6 		— —
120 		1,404
March 5 11 Wyoming caucus 4
76
38 		4
88
6 		3
61
1 		270
March 8
(Super Tuesday)
(1099) 		47 Alabama
31,206 		25
176,764 		22
151,739
3,063
30,214
12,845 		405,831
32 Arkansas 8
94,103 		7
85,003 		16
185,758
9,020
59,711
63,949
101 Florida 68
520,868 		33
254,825
161,106
27,592
182,779
121,606
64 Georgia
97,179 		29
247,831 		24
201,490
8,388
41,489
26,375
17 Hawaii caucus 10
2,716 		7
1,739
58
46
98
318
16 Idaho caucus 7
144 		4
73
32
16
3
112
48 Kentucky 11
59,433 		9
49,667 		27
145,988
9,393
28,982
25,258
52 Louisiana 10
95,661 		23
221,522 		18
174,971
5,153
67,029
60,683
56 Maryland 34
242,479 		22
152,642
46,063
16,013
42,059
16,631
93 Massachusetts 71
418,256 		22
133,385
31,631
26,176
72,943
31,552
40 Mississippi 1
29,941 		24
160,651 		15
120,364
2,118
19,693
26,650
71 Missouri
61,303 		18
106,386
14,549
21,433 		53
305,287
18,857
12 Nevada caucus 3
427 		3
382 		4
491
20
33 		2
285
68 North Carolina 16
137,993 		25
224,177 		27
235,669
8,032
37,553
36,534
39 Oklahoma 9
66,278
52,417 		20
162,584
6,901 		10
82,596
21,951
20 Rhode Island 16
34,159 		4
7,369
1,932
1,392
2,013
1,958
56 Tennessee
19,348 		12
119,248 		44
416,861
2,647
8,470
9,740
145 Texas 61
579,713 		46
433,335 		38
357,764
34,499
240,158
121,576
62 Virginia 15
80,183 		32
164,709 		15
81,419
7,045
15,935
15,608
53 Washington 29
3,784 		24
3,083
166
300
78
1,074
6 American Samoa caucus 4
(39%)
(7%) 		— — 2
(22%)
(32%)
March 10 10 Alaska caucus 3
774 		4
882
48
18
15
791
March 12 36 Colorado caucus 17
4,852 		13
3,720
307
14 		— 6
1,867
37 South Carolina
1,018 		22
8,114 		7
2,777
36
307 		8
2,853
March 15 160 Illinois 29
245,289 		57
484,233
77,265 		74
635,219
35,108
23,816
March 19 34 Kansas caucus 15
278 		13
235 		7
125 		—
12
114
March 20 40 Puerto Rico 11
70,733 		13
87,757 		7
45,361 		9
57,639
9,159
3,753
March 26 127 Michigan caucus 45
61,674 		82
113,777
4,253
4,466
27,222
326
March 29 63 Connecticut 35
(58%) 		17
(28%)
(8%)
(1%) 		— 11
(5%)
April 5 81 Wisconsin 44
(47%) 		24
(30%) 		13
(17%)
(5%) 		—
(1%)
April 16 36 Arizona caucus
(54%)
(38%)
(5%)
(1%) 		—
(2%)
April 18 15 Delaware caucus
51.5 (27.25%)
86.5 (45.77%)
4 (2.12%) 		— —
47 (24.87%)
April 19 243 New York 142
801,457 		87
585,076 		5
157,559
17,011 		–
14,083
April 25 23 Utah caucus 19
(72%) 		4
(15%) 		– – –
(13%)
April 26 161 Pennsylvania 114
1,002,480 		47
411,260
44,542
9,692
7,254
32,462
May 3 79 Indiana 63
(70%) 		16
(22%)
(3%)
(2%)
(3%) 		—
159 Ohio 115
(63%) 		41
(27%)
(2%)
(1%) 		– 3
(7%)
16 Washington, D.C. 3
(18%) 		13
(80%)
(1%)
(1%) 		– —
May 10 25 Nebraska 18
(63%) 		7
(26%)
(1%)
(1%)
(3%)
(6%)
37 West Virginia 36
(75%) 		1
(13%)
(3%)
(1%)
(2%)
(6%)
May 17 45 Oregon 27
(57%) 		18
(38%)
(1%)
(1%)
(2%)
(1%)
June 7 272 California 173
1,910,808 		99
1,102,093
56,645
43,771 		–
25,417
19 Montana 15
(69%) 		4
(22%)
(2%)
(1%)
(3%)
(3%)
100 New Jersey 66
414,829 		34
213,705
18,062 		— —
7,706
24 New Mexico 16
(61%) 		8
(28%)
(3%)
(2%) 		–
(6%)
June 14 ? North Dakota
(85%)
(15%) 		– – – –
Total 1,427
10,024,101 (42.37%) 		1,046
6,941,816 (29.34%) 		307
3,190,992 (13.49%) 		115
1,452,331 (6.14%) 		98
1,107,692 (4.68%)
940,431 (3.98%)

Convention and general election

Main articles: 1988 Democratic National Convention and 1988 United States presidential election

The Democratic Party Convention was held in Atlanta, Georgia, July 18–21. The Dukakis nominating speech delivered by Arkansas governor and future president Bill Clinton was widely criticized as too long and tedious.

Texas State Treasurer Ann Richards (who two years later became the state governor) delivered a memorable keynote address in which she uttered the lines "Poor George , he can't help it, he was born with a silver foot in his mouth." Six years later, Bush's son George W. Bush would deny Richards re-election as Texas Governor.

With most candidates having withdrawn and asking their delegates to vote for Dukakis, the tally for president was as follows:

Jesse Jackson's campaign believed that since they had come in a respectable second, Jackson was entitled to the vice presidential spot. Dukakis refused, and gave the spot to Lloyd Bentsen.

Bentsen was selected in large part to secure the state of Texas and its large electoral vote for the Democrats. During the vice-presidential debate, Republican candidate and Senator Dan Quayle ignored a head-on confrontation with Bentsen (aside from the "Jack Kennedy" comparison) and spent his time attacking Dukakis.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Poll combines first- and second-choice responses.
  2. This poll intentionally oversampled voters in border and Southern states in advance of Super Tuesday.
  3. Poll of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, North Carolina, Mississippi, South Carolina, Tennessse, Texas, and Virginia.
  4. Including 5% for Pat Schroeder.
  5. Including 14% for Sam Nunn.
  6. 12% for "someone else."
  7. The delegate totals add up to 35.
  8. Only 52 of the 63 delegates were awarded via the primary vote according to the article sourced.
  9. The delegate total adds up to 234.
  10. 1 delegate each for favorite sons Rep. James Traficant, Douglas Applegate and since-withdrawn candidate Gary Hart

References

  1. "Kennedy, Citing Senate Goals, Rules Out '88 Presidential Bid". The New York Times. December 20, 1985.
  2. "Hart Early Democrat Choice". The Daily Item. February 6, 1986. p. 4. Retrieved November 27, 2024.
  3. "Cuomo Gains As Democratic Pick". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. May 4, 1986. p. 4. Retrieved November 27, 2024.
  4. "Iacocca Gains On Hart As Choice Of Democrats". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. August 7, 1986. pp. A27. Retrieved November 27, 2024.
  5. "Hart Holds Convincing Lead For Democratic Nomination". Star Tribune. October 19, 1986. pp. 34A. Retrieved November 27, 2024.
  6. "Hart's Lead Over Two Closest Rivals Narrows". Danville Register and Bee. November 20, 1986. pp. 3A. Retrieved November 27, 2024.
  7. "GOP Favoring Bush For '88, Poll Shows". The Charlotte Observer. January 22, 1987. pp. 12A. Retrieved November 28, 2024.
  8. "A New Race: Cuomo Starts Field On Fire With Decision". The News Tribune. February 21, 1987. pp. A-3. Retrieved November 28, 2024.
  9. "Hart Leader For Democratic Nomination". The Chapel Hill News. February 12, 1987. p. 11. Retrieved November 28, 2024.
  10. "POLL GIVES HART AND BUSH CLEAR LEADS FOR NOMINATIONS". The New York Times. January 25, 1987. p. 18. Retrieved November 28, 2024.
  11. "GOP Favoring Bush For '88, Poll Shows". Concord Monitor. March 11, 1987. pp. A10. Retrieved November 28, 2024.
  12. "Democrats Lack Consensus Choice For '88". The Chapel Hill News. June 28, 1987. pp. 8A. Retrieved November 28, 2024.
  13. "GOP Favoring Bush For '88, Poll Shows". Concord Monitor. March 11, 1987. pp. A10. Retrieved November 28, 2024.
  14. "POLL FINDS INFIDELITY A LESSER EVIL THAN OTHERS IN PICKING CANDIDATE". The New York Times. May 8, 1987. pp. A1+B6. Retrieved November 28, 2024.
  15. "Democrats Lack Consensus Choice For '88". The Chapel Hill News. June 28, 1987. pp. 8A. Retrieved November 28, 2024.
  16. "JACKSON TOPS POLL (NOT COUNTING CUOMO)". The New York Times. May 17, 1987. pp. 1+32. Retrieved November 28, 2024.
  17. "Jackson, Simon Benefit From Hart Withdrawal". Chicago Tribune. June 4, 1987. p. 11. Retrieved November 28, 2024.
  18. "Democrats Lack Consensus Choice For '88". The Chapel Hill News. June 28, 1987. pp. 8A. Retrieved November 28, 2024.
  19. "Jackson, Dukakis Lead Democrats; Many Decided". The Chapel Hill News. July 30, 1987. pp. 9A. Retrieved November 28, 2024.
  20. "Undecided Democrats Reported on Increase". The New York Times. July 26, 1987. p. 22. Retrieved November 28, 2024.
  21. "Candidate List Changes Little In Recent Poll". The Daily Oklahoman. September 20, 1987. p. 8. Retrieved November 28, 2024.
  22. "Jackson, Bush Front-Runners In Poll, But Leads Shaky". Hartford Courant. October 1, 1987. pp. A10. Retrieved November 28, 2024.
  23. "Jackson, Simon Benefit From Hart Withdrawal". Oakland Tribune. September 24, 1987. pp. A-14. Retrieved November 28, 2024.
  24. "No Strong Democratic Favorite". The Daily Item. November 12, 1987. p. 4. Retrieved November 28, 2024.
  25. "Poll Shows Hart Leading Democrats, Trailing Bush". Albuquerque Journal. December 19, 1987. pp. A2. Retrieved November 28, 2024.
  26. "Poll Shows Hart and Jackson Leading". The New York Times. December 17, 1987. pp. B16. Retrieved November 28, 2024.
  27. "News Tribune-Gallup Poll". The News Tribune. January 27, 1988. pp. A10. Retrieved November 28, 2024.
  28. ^ "US President - D Primares (Polling)". OurCampaigns. 31 Aug 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  29. "Dukakis surging as Hart weakens". 28 Jan 1988. p. 1. Retrieved 6 Aug 2023.
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