2011–2012 Jordanian protests

(Redirected from 2011-2012 Jordanian protests) Series of protests in Jordan, part of Arab Spring

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages)

The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

This article's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2014)

(Learn how and when to remove this message)

Jordanian protests (2011–12)

Part of the Arab Spring

A mass protest in Amman, Jordan, November 2012, over price hikes

Date

14 January 2011 (2011-01-14) – 4 October 2012 (2012-10-04)

Location

Jordan

Caused by

Goals

Constitutional monarchy
Electoral reform
Establishment of a Republic
End to corruption
Political freedom

Methods

Status

In February 2011, King Abdullah II dismisses Prime Minister Rifai and his cabinet
In October 2011, Abdullah dismisses Prime Minister Bakhit and his cabinet after complaints of slow progress on promised reforms
In April 2012, as the protests continues, Al-Khasawneh resigned, and the King appoints Fayez al-Tarawneh as the new Prime Minister of Jordan
In October 2012, King Abdullah dissolves the parliament for new early elections, and appoints Abdullah Ensour as the new Prime Minister of Jordan

Parties

Jordanian opposition parties
• Muslim Brotherhood
• Leftist parties

• Trade unions

Government of Jordan and supporters

Lead figures

• Retired General Ali Habashnah

• King Abdullah II
• Prime Minister Samir Rifai

Number

• Protesters: 6,000–10,000

Casualties and losses

1 dead
70 injured

2 dead and 13 police injured

The Jordanian protests were a series of protests in Jordan that began in January 2011, and resulted in the firing of the cabinet ministers of the government. In its early phase, protests in Jordan were initially against unemployment, inflation, corruption. along with demanding for real constitutional monarchy and electoral reforms.

Food inflation and salaries were a cause for resentment in the country. The 2010-2011 Tunisian Revolution and the 2011 Egyptian Revolution also raised hopes for political change in the region. Together with unrest elsewhere in the Middle East and North Africa, including the disturbances in Syria and Yemen, they were part of the Arab Spring.

King Abdullah II responded to the protests by reforming around a third of the constitution, establishing the Independent Election Commission, and vowing to embark on a democratic trajectory. He sacked three prime ministers in 18 months, settling on Abdullah Ensour as prime minister in 2012 and called for early elections in 2013. Later, introducing complete proportional representation to the House of Representatives in the 2016 parliamentary election, introducing decentralization in the 2017 local elections, and reforming the judiciary.

Background

Jordan's economy continues to struggle, weighed down by a record deficit of $2 billion in between 2010 and 2011 due to the Arab Spring. Inflation in Jordan has risen by 1.5% to 6.1% in December 2010, and unemployment and poverty have become rampant, estimated at 12% and 25% respectively. The government is also accused of impoverishing the working class with regressive tax codes which forced the poor to pay a higher proportion of their income as tax. The parliament is accused of serving as a "rubber stamp" to the executive branch.

Jordan has a history of persecuting activists and journalists. The country amended its penal code in August 2010 and passed a Law of Information System Crimes, to regulate the Internet. Revised laws continue to criminalize peaceful expression and extend those provisions to Internet expression. Jordanian authorities prosecuted peaceful dissidents and prohibited peaceful gatherings to protest government policies. Dissidents confined by the General Intelligence Department routinely sign confessions. According to a report by Amnesty International, intelligence agents in Jordan frequently use torture to extract confessions from suspects.

Some analysts suggests that since peninsular Arabic speaking Jordanians form the "bedrock" of the government's support, while self-identifying Palestinians are generally closer to the opposition. Such analysis suggest that many government supporters are worried that if Palestinians are allowed a greater role in the country's politics, they could drag it into the Israeli–Palestinian conflict against Jordan's best interests. Conversely, Palestinian-Jordanian protesters want their degree of political power to reflect their significant demographic share. However, evidence of historical and recent protests suggests that the backbone of the protests are of peninsular Arabic speaking Jordanians disfranchised by liberal economic policies instituted in the country during the last decades. Specifically, previous mass protests include protests in 1989 in the city of Karak and other southern towns in the country known as April 1989 uprising (هبة نيسان) that led to reintroduction of democratic life. In 1996, bread riots erupted in Ma'an and other southern cities in Jordan as well. Both are predominantly of peninsular Arabic speaking Jordanian origins. More recently, the 2011–2012 uprising started with movements all over the country specially in towns with a predominantly east-Jordanian population known locally as Al-Hirak. Therefore, according to many analysts while protests in Amman might generates a media buzz about a revolution in Jordan, but discontent in rural Jordan among peninsular Arabic speaking Jordanians is what would really tip the scales. Regardless of identity and demographic sensitivities both groups tend to agree on the need for a more robust economy and a cure for Jordan's crippling unemployment. However, many argue that the sensitive demographic balance in the country will ultimately decide how wide and deep political reforms will go.

Protests

Early stage

Protests began on 14 January 2011, as protesters demanded Samir Rifai's resignation as well as economic conditions. On 26 January, the Muslim Brotherhood, one of the largest opposition groups in Jordan, urged Jordanians to pour into streets on 28 January to continue the protests against prime minister Samir Rifai's economic policies and the political situation in the country.

Demonstrators protested rising prices and demanded the dismissal of the Prime Minister and his government, but they have not directly challenged the king, criticism of whom is banned in Jordan. The demonstrators have been peaceful and have not been confronted by the police. So far no deaths, injuries or riots have been reported; however the protests' leaders said that the king had failed to take substantial steps to address mounting public resentment and they warned that unless real changes are made, that unrest could worsen. King Abdullah II, a key U.S. ally, has come under pressure recently from various protesters which include a coalition of Islamists, secular opposition groups and a group of retired army generals, all of whom are calling for substantial political and economic reforms.

Ali Habashnah, one of the retired generals desiring reforms, said that unrest has spread to rural areas dominated by Bedouin tribes. These tribes have been a traditional backbone of the monarchy. It was the first time, he said, that the Bedouins had joined with other groups in demands for change.

On 28 January, following Friday prayers, 3,500 activists from the Muslim Brotherhood, trade unions, and communist and leftist organisations demanded that Samir Rifai step down as prime minister and that the government control rising prices, inflation and unemployment. Protests were reported in Amman and six other cities. Thousands took to the streets in the capital, Amman, as well as several other cities shouting, "We want change." Banners complained of high food and fuel prices and demanded the resignation of the prime minister, an appointee of the king.

On 2 February, demonstrations continued in demanding that King Abdullah II sack his newly appointed prime minister. Hamza Mansour, one of the leaders of the Jordanian Muslim Brotherhood, demanded elections to choose another prime minister. He said that Al-Bakhit "doesn't believe in democracy."

The day after King Abdullah met with Muslim Brotherhood leaders at the royal palace, in an attempt to defuse tensions in the country, on 4 February, hundreds of people, including members of leftist groups and the Muslim Brotherhood, congregated outside the prime minister's office to demand economic and political reforms and the dissolution of parliament. They then marched to the Egyptian embassy in support of the anti-government protesters in that country. On 18 February, protesters who gathered in central Amman to demand political reform, clashed with a small group of government supporters that eyewitnesses claim attacked the protesters with sticks and stones, before the police restored order. Eyewitnesses said about 2,000 protesters, mostly young people joined by trade unionists and others, took to the streets after prayers at the Husseini Mosque, though other reports said the number was about 300.

About 7,000–10,000 protesters were on the streets of Amman on 25 February, in the largest protests so far.

In the first week of March anti-government protesters continued where opposition groups demanded such greater political freedoms as a constitutional monarchy.

On 24 March, Al Jazeera reported that around 500 protesters, mainly university students and politically unaffiliated unemployed graduates set up a protest camp in a main square in the capital to press demands for the ouster of the prime minister, seen as insufficiently reformist, as well as wider public freedoms. Other demands include dissolving the parliament, which was seen as too docile, dismantling the intelligence department and giving greater powers to the people, including a new, more proportional, election law. Jordan's opposition also wanted to strip the king of some of his powers, specifically in appointing the prime minister, as they wanted the premier to be elected by a popular vote.

On 25 March, clashes occurred between supporters of the king and more than 2000 protesters camped in Gamal Abdel Nasser Circle. Some witnesses said the police stood by as government supporters moved into the square and began throwing stones. As many as 100 people were reported injured, most with head wounds, while two people are said to have been killed. However, the next day in a press conference, the commandant of public security, Lieutenant General Hussein Al-Majali confirmed that there was one death only, with 62 injured civilians, and 58 injured policemen (including a brigadier general and a lieutenant colonel). Forensic medicine report confirmed that there were no signs of any injury, and that the patient actually died of circulatory collapse secondary to chronic ischemic heart disease. In the same press conference, Al-Majali also confirmed that 8 civilians and 17 policemen were still receiving hospital treatment at the time of the conference, and also stressed that policemen were completely unarmed and they interfered just to save the lives of people whatever their political view is. On the same day of clashes, thousands gathered in Al-Hussein Gardens, west of Amman, to express loyalty and allegiance to the king, dancing to national songs and waving large Jordanian flags and pictures of the monarch.

On 1 April, nearly 400 policemen were deployed to separated hundreds of government supporters and pro-reform activists holding rival rallies outside municipal offices in Amman.

On 15 April, more than 2,000 Jordanians took to the streets throughout the country demanding greater political representation, with half of them demonstrating in Amman, immediately after prayers. Also, a crowd of a few hundred Islamists clashed with a somewhat smaller group of monarchy loyalists in Zarqa. Eight civilians and 83 policemen were wounded, including 4 in critical condition.

Protests continues

On 13 June, the motorcade of King Abdullah II was attacked with stones and bottles by protesters in the city of Tafileh, although this was later denied, a royal official stating that they were enthusiastically greeted. Some indication is that this was actually an outbreak of violence between the Darak (Jordanian Gendarmerie) and local unemployed protesters. It is alleged that the local mayor caused the Darak to force back the protesters not wanting his city to look bad, the protesters replied with stones and empty bottles. The King is alleged to have been 12 km away.

On 17 June, youth groups and activists will protest calling on greater reforms, which the kingdom has dismissed for 2–3 years, including the election of a prime minister and cabinet.

A rare outbreak of violence marred protests in Amman on 15 July, with police beating journalists and protesters alike. The Public Security Directorate offered a mixed response, accepting full responsibility for the violence and promising compensation to journalists who suffered injuries or damage to equipment, but blaming demonstrators for instigating hostilities.

On 16 July, a more peaceful demonstration took place.

An Al Jazeera correspondent covering a protest on 20 July had a mixed reaction to the way security forces handled the situation, noting that while police and gendarmes respected all attendees' freedom of speech and acted quickly and effectively to prevent clashes between pro-reform demonstrators and government supporters, police also did nothing to prevent verbal harassment and intimidation of the former group by vocal loyalists.

In Amman, on 29 July, around 3,000 Muslim Brotherhood activists at the demonstration raised their right hand and took an oath to continue peaceful protests until their demands for political reform in the kingdom are met.

On 14 August, clashes erupted between government loyalists and pro-reform demonstrators in a street protest in Karak after midnight.

After a lull in September, protests started again on 7 October, when former prime minister Ahmad Obeidat led over 2000 people in a march outside the Grand Husseini Mosque in central Amman. There were also marches in the cities of Karka, Tafileh, Maan, Jerash and Salt.

There was a further march on 15 October, as part of the global "Occupy" movement, which was held in the northern city of Salhub, which is located 50 kilometers (32 miles) from the Jordanian capital Amman. A counter-protest attacked the marchers, hurling stones and firing their guns into the air. The next day, a memorandum signed by 70 out of 120 lawmakers was presented to the royal palace demanding that the prime minister and the cabinet be sacked. Much to the surprise of the opposition in the country, the king almost immediately complied, naming Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh to head the new government the next day.

Riots took place in the several cities and towns in mid November, most notably in Ramtha, which lasted three days and was sparked by the death in custody of Najem Azaizeh in Salt, which continued on and off for weeks and the towns of Qatraneh and Jafr.

Also, the trial of nearly 100 protesters indicted the previous April began, and much from the capital Amman were arrested for corruption.

In December, there were protests in Amman, and riots in the northeastern cities of Mafraq and Qatraneh.

On 24 December, protesters gathered outside of the prime minister's office to protest the treatment of protesters by the security forces the previous day in Mafraq.

Protests subside

For most of 2012, protests subsided. The uprising in neighboring Syria, which had led to tens of thousands of deaths, dampened the enthusiasm of some Jordanian activists, who reportedly feared chaos developing in Jordan. In November 2011, King Abdullah called for a change in government in Syria, one of the first of Syria's neighboring leaders to do so.

Renewed protests

On late 1 September 2012, Jordanians from Amman to the southern city of Ma'an rallied for the immediate resignation of Prime Minister Fayez al-Tarawneh for issuing a 10 percent fuel price increase. Protestors blamed the Royal Palace for tolerating rampant corruption they say is the real reason for Jordan's economic crisis. During the rallies, Islamists, leftists and independent activists called on Amman to roll back the decision, chanting: "Jordanian people, why are they draining us?" Also at the Interior Ministry, protesters and the Muslim Brotherhood charged the price hike had been directed by the World Bank. Protests continued on the next day when taxi drivers blocked a main road in Amman as they abandoned their cars and marched to the ministry of transport in opposition to the hike, while citizens in the northern city of Irbid held a sit-in to protest the move. Amid rising protests over the measure, King Abdullah on Sunday suspended a government decision to increase prices of the fuel.

On early 8 September, Jordanian anti-riot forces stormed a protest in the southern city of Tafileh after participants began chanting slogans reportedly criticizing King Abdullah II. According to eyewitnesses and activists, authorities fired tear gas and live rounds to disperse a group of some 60 protesters after activists began chanting slogans insulting the monarch, arresting 15 participants. A Jordanian security source confirmed that police arrested 15 protesters who currently face charges of attempting to "undermine the regime" and "incite a riot." Jordanian security officials refused to disclose the anti-King slogans allegedly chanted by protesters. Activists contend that their rally was peaceful prior to the riot forces' storming. Tafileh residents had organised the rally to protest the detention of local activist Mohammed Al Amaara, who was arrested hours earlier for reportedly making statement criticising Queen Rania during an anti-government protest following Friday noon prayers. The clashes came as activists took to the streets in nine of Jordan's 12 provinces on Friday in a series of anti-government rallies urging Prime Minister Fayez Tarawneh to step down for a recent rise in fuel and water prices.

On 5 October, thousands of Jordanians attended a protest demanding political reforms in Amman, hours after King Abdullah II dissolved parliament and called early parliamentary elections. Video footage showed protesters chanting slogans and waving flags. The AFP news agency quoted people as shouting: "We demand constitutional reform before the people revolt. The people want to reform the regime."

2012 fuel price protests

Main article: November 2012 Jordanian protests

On 13 November, protests erupted across the country nationwide in response to an increase in fuel prices and other basic goods announced by Prime Minister Abdullah Ensour. Demonstrators burned tires, smashed traffic lights and blocked roads in several Jordanian cities. Riot police officers tried to quell some of the crowds with tear gas. There were calls for a general strike on Wednesday. Protesters blamed Jordan's problems on King Abdullah II. They also demanded the resignation of the prime minister. About 2,000 protesters chanted ""Revolution, revolution, it is a popular revolution," and "Freedom is from God, in spite of you, Abdullah," in an impromptu demonstration at a main Amman square, housing the Interior Ministry and other vital government departments. Elsewhere in Salt, 100 protesters pelted stones at policemen as they tried to break their lines to get to Ensour's home to demand his resignation. Riot police responded by firing tear gas. In some cities in Jordan's south, inhabited by tribal Bedouins who are traditional supporters of the king, hundreds of protesters took to the streets to chant slogans calling for the ouster of the prime minister, but also criticizing the king. In Mazar, dozens of protesters burned down the main court building after stealing documents. Further south in Ma'an, 500 protesters blocked the streets, burning tires and throwing stones at riot police, who were firing tear gas. There were no immediate reports of injuries. In Sareeh, angry protesters burned down a gas station. Nationwide protests in Jordan continued for the second day. Teachers went on strike, and other unions announced a two-hour work stoppage for Sunday. The crowds included first-time protesters and tribal members who have been the king's political base. Violence was most severe in Irbid, where the authorities said a police station was attacked by armed demonstrators, leading to the fatal shooting of Qais al-Omari, 27, and injuries to a dozen police officers and four protesters. A police corporal was also injured when someone fired an automatic pistol from a moving car.

In response to the protests, foreign minister Nasser Judeh said the government had tried to respond to the opposition over the past year with the establishment of an independent elections commission before balloting set for January 2013 and the formation of a constitutional court, among other changes.

The Jordanian government said Qais al-Omari was killed in a shootout with a group of armed men who assaulted a police station here on Wednesday night. But two members of his family and a witness to the killing said that he was unarmed, part of a group of about 30 unarmed men who walked to the police station to complain about abusive language they said officers had used while breaking up an earlier protest. Angry crowds then set fire to several government cars and burned down a municipal building, where a heavy contingent of plainclothes police officers was watching children play on Thursday.

On 16 November, thousands of demonstrators chanted the Arab Spring slogan "The people want to overthrow the regime" in the nationwide Jordan after Friday prayers, with escalating calls for Jordan's King Abdullah II to abdicate. Friday's protest near the main Al-Hussein Mosque in downtown Amman was peaceful, with unarmed police separating the demonstrators denouncing the ruler from a smaller crowd chanting in support of the monarch. The main crowd of about 3,000 protesters chanted "Go down Abdullah, go down," as police, some in riot gear, largely stayed away from crowd. However, Abdullah loyalists clashed with anti-government protesters near the city's Wasfi al-Tal square on Friday night, with dozens of protesters reportedly being beaten by the king's supporters. The AFP news agency estimated at 10,000 people, including Islamists, leftists and youth activists, chanted "Freedom, freedom, down with Abdullah." Demonstrations were also held just outside Amman in the Baqa'a Palestinian refugee camp and in the cities of Tafilah, Karak, Ma'an, Irbid and Jerash to its north. Amid unprecedented protests by Jordanians calling for him to quit, King Abdullah II has cancelled a visit to United Kingdom he was due to make next week.

Jordanian unions held a strike on Sunday 18 November to protest fuel price rises. The head of Jordan's 15-member professional associations body said all 15 unions except the nurses' union stopped working between 11:00 am and 2:00 pm on Sunday. Teachers' union also held a strike on Sunday, with spokesman Ayman al-Akur saying "the strike was observed by 70 to 75 percent of schools across the country", demanding the king intervene to reverse the decision to raise fuel prices.

King Abdullah II visited the public security and gendarmerie personnel who were injured in fuel price riots and are receiving treatment at King Hussein Medical Center and wished them a speedy recovery. He praised security forces' discipline and self-restraint in dealing with the latest riots and the protest movement that began about two years ago.

Concerns

As the original protests were based to a degree on rising food prices, the expectation of food riots in summer 2012 grew due to the rise of global food prices and a drought in the country. This caused concern amongst the political class.

Casualties

Deaths
Name	Age	From	Date of Death	Cause of Death
Qais Al Omari	23	Irbid	14 November 2012	Shot by the police during a protest. State-run Jordan News Agency reported that he was one of the "gunmen" died in a shootout when a group of them attacked a police station in the northern city of Irbid. But the father of Qais said his son did not carry a weapon and did not attack police.
Ahmad Al Maqableh	31	Jerash	30 November 2012	Shot in the head when a police centre in Amman came under shooting during country-wide protest on 14 November. He died of his wounds at Al Hussein Medical Centre 16 days later where he had been receiving treatment.

Response

Domestic response

International response

United States – State Department spokesman Mark Toner says the Obama administration believes King Abdullah II is on the "right track" despite the protests, ""We call on protestors to do so peacefully. We support King Abdullah II's roadmap for reform and the aspirations of the Jordanian people to foster a more inclusive political process that will promote security, stability as well as economic development."

References

"Jordan- Protesters demand 'real' reform, slam Parliament". MENAFN. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
^ "Jordan, Yemen grapple with effects of protests". USA Today. 3 February 2011. Archived from the original on 3 January 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
^ AFP: Jordan nixes constitutional monarchy calls. Google. (4 March 2011).
In biggest protest, Jordan Islamists demand change Archived 4 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Reuters.
"Jordan's ex-spy chief jailed for corruption" Archived 13 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine. BBC News, (11 November 2012).
Blomfield, Adrian (1 February 2011). "King Abdullah II of Jordan sacks government amid street protests". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
Derhally, Massoud A. (17 October 2011). "Jordan's King Appoints PM After Cabinet Resigns". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 20 October 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
^ "Jordan's king appoints new PM to form new government" Archived 1 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine. CNN.
Muslim Brotherhood vows to 'flood' Jordan's streets to press reform demands – Trend.Az Archived 3 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. (5 September 2012).
McDevitt, Johnny (15 January 2011). "Jordanians protest against soaring food prices". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
^ Greenberg, Joel (1 February 2011). "Jordan's King Abdullah II ousts prime minister, cabinet in wake of mass protests". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
^ "Jordan sees biggest reform rally". BBC. 25 February 2011. Archived from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
^ "Jordan police stations attacked by gunmen during protest" Archived 10 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine. The Guardian.
^ "Clashes break out at Jordan anti-government protest". BBC News. 25 March 2011. Archived from the original on 5 April 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
Jordanians rally against king, fuel price hikes Archived 19 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine. USA Today. (16 November 2012).
^ Kadri, Ranya; Bronner, Ethan (1 February 2011). "Jordan's King Dismisses Cabinet as Tremors Spread Through Region". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
"Protesters demand 'saving' Jordan from corruption" Archived 6 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine. The Daily Star (Lebanon), (2 December 2011).
"Thousands rally to demand reform in Jordan" Archived 6 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine. The Daily Telegraph, (5 October 2012).
"Jordan – Amnesty International Report 2010". Amnesty International. 18 November 2009. Archived from the original on 13 March 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
"East Bank Jordanians demonstrate as King announces plans for reforms". Risk and Forecast. Archived from the original on 22 February 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
"Activists to mark 1989 'uprising'". The Jordan Times. 19 April 2012. Archived from the original on 27 March 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
Kirkpatrick, David D. (22 November 2012). "Jordan Protesters Dream of Shift to King's Brother". The New York Times. p. 4. Archived from the original on 30 January 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
"If change comes to Jordan, it won't start in Amman". CS Monitor. 18 December 2012. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
"Don't expect sweeping reforms in Jordan, former ambassador cautions". PBS. 3 February 2011. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
Sandels, Alexandra (15 January 2011). "Thousands of demonstrators protest food prices, denounce government". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
Hattar, Musa (14 January 2011). "Jordanians protest living conditions, blame govt". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 21 January 2011.
"Jordan's king dismisses government, appoints new PM". CNN. Archived from the original on 4 February 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
"Clashes erupt at Jordan protest". BBC. 18 February 2011. Archived from the original on 21 February 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
السرور : لن اسمح للاعتصام بالداخلية .. والمجالي : لا اعلم اذا احتفل افراد الامن مع مسيرة"نداء وطن" | شؤون محلية | وكالة عمون الاخبارية Archived 24 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Ammon News (26 March 2011).
خبرني : نبض الشارع : نقيب الاطباء ينفي تصريحات نسبها له التلفزيون Archived 27 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Khaberni (26 March 2011).
"Jordan: Protesters lob stones at King Abdullah II". BBC News. 13 June 2011. Archived from the original on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
"Karak Gears Up For Friday Pro-Reform Protest" Archived 18 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Ammon News. 16 June 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2011
"Jordan's king: Elected PM in 2–3 years", Forbes. 14 June 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2011
Protests in Jordan Archived 30 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Times Union.
Archived 10 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine
Satkowski, Christina. "Fragile hopes for Jordan's new prime minister". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
"Riots break out in northern Jordan over detainee death". Trend. 20 November 2011. Archived from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
Aly, Bassem (30 November 2011). "Jordan cannot claim democratic reform amid protesters' trials: HRW". Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
Friday protesters to demand return of public lands Archived 25 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine. The Jordan Times (22 December 2011).
"Calm restored after clashes in Mafraq" Archived 25 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine. The Jordan Times, (23 December 2011).
Calm restored in Qatraneh Archived 16 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Signalfire.org.
"Jordan". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 November 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
Jordanians protest fuel price hike – Trend Archived 3 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. (2 September 2012).
Jordan's king suspends fuel price hike after rising protests – Trend Archived 6 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine.(3 September 2012).
"Jordan's king suspends fuel price hike after nationwide protests". Xinhua. 1 September 2012. Archived from the original on 13 June 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
Gavlak, Dale (10 September 2012). "Jordan: 8 activists charged for slandering king". Associated Press. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
"Clashes, arrests after protesters criticise Jordan King". 8 September 2012. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
"Jordan protests after king calls early elections" Archived 21 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine. BBC News, (5 October 2012).
Halaby, Jamal (13 November 2012). "Jordan raises fuel prices, sparking protests". San Diego Union-Tribune. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
Halaby, Jamal (14 November 2012). "Jordan: 1 gunman killed in police station attacks". San Diego Union-Tribune. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
"Protests Over Gas Prices in Jordan Turn Deadly". The New York Times. 14 November 2012. Archived from the original on 22 February 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
"Jordan protesters call for 'downfall of the regime'". Reuters. 16 November 2012. Archived from the original on 17 November 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
"Jordan unrest: Clashes after fuel protest". BBC. 16 November 2012. Archived from the original on 18 November 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
Hattar, Musa (16 November 2012). "Jordan protesters call for 'downfall of the regime'". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 22 February 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
Hattar, Musa (16 November 2012). "Jordan's king cancels Britain visit amid protests". Business Line. Archived from the original on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
Jordan unions strike against fuel price hikes Archived 15 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Ahram Online, (18 November 2012).
King, Tribal chiefs visit security personnel injured in riots Archived 22 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Ammon News (18 November 2012).
"Jordan Islamists, youths to protest fuel price hikes". Agence France-Presse. 15 November 2012. Archived from the original on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
"Policeman who dies of injuries during fuel price riots laid to rest". Petra News Agency. 1 December 2012. Archived from the original on 1 December 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
"Jordan's Royal Palace says king sacks government in wake of street protests". Associated Press. 1 February 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
Derhally, Massoud A (1 February 2011). "Jordan's King Abdullah Replaces Prime Minister". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 4 February 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
"Jordan's king fires Cabinet amid protests". AP News. Archived from the original on 5 July 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
"Jordan Islamists say talks with king 'positive'". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 22 February 2013.
"Jordan's king says political reforms have stumbled, asks Muslim opposition to back government".
Gavlak, Dale (10 February 2001). "Jordan's king swears in new cabinet after protests". BBC News. Archived from the original on 15 February 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
"New elections law might adopt party list system". The Jordan Times. Archived from the original on 13 February 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
Hazaimeh, Hani (11 February 2011). "Minister pledges more press freedom, access to information". The Jordan Times. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
"Jordanien lockert Demonstrationsrecht". Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). 15 February 2011. Archived from the original on 18 February 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
"Jordan's king sets 3-month deadline for political reforms". The Washington Post. 15 March 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
"Jordan's King Abdullah vows to allow elected cabinets". BBC News. 12 June 2011. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
"Jordan's king names Hague court judge as prime minister". The Guardian. 17 October 2011. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
US Supports Jordan's King Abdullah Over Fuel Protests Archived 18 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Voice of America.

External links

v t e Arab Spring
"Ash-shab yurid isqat an-nizam"
Events by country	Algeria Bahrain Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Mauritania Morocco Oman Palestine Saudi Arabia Sudan Syria Tunisia Western Sahara Yemen
Groups	Bahrain: Al Wefaq February 14 Youth Coalition Egypt: April 6 Youth Movement Kefaya Muslim Brotherhood (FJP) National Association for Change National Democratic Party National Salvation Front Revolutionary Socialists Shayfeencom Ultras Ahlawy Libya: National Liberation Army National Transitional Council Mauritania: February 25th Movement Saudi Arabia: Women to drive movement CDHRAP Society for Development and Change Syria: Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party Regional Command National Command National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces Free Syrian Army Syrian Revolution General Commission Syrian National Council National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change Hizb ut-Tahrir Foreign fighters Tunisia: Constitutional Democratic Rally Ennahda Popular Front Tunisian General Labour Union Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet Yemen: Alliance of Yemeni Tribes Al-Islah Hashid Houthis General People's Congress Hiraak
Notable people	Women in the Arab Spring Algeria: Abdelaziz Bouteflika Ahmed Ouyahia Bahrain: Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa Hasan Mushaima Ali Salman Ali Jawad al-Sheikh Egypt: Hosni Mubarak Omar Suleiman Mohamed Hussein Tantawy Ahmed Nazif Ahmed Shafik Wael Ghonim Kamal Ganzouri Khaled Mohamed Saeed Essam Sharaf Mohamed ElBaradei Mohamed Morsi Hesham Qandil Bassem Youssef Jordan: King Abdullah II Marouf al-Bakhit Samir Rifai Libya: Muammar Gaddafi Saif al-Islam Gaddafi Mustafa Abdul-Jelil Mahmud Gebril Mohammed Nabbous Mauritania: Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf Morocco: Mohammed VI Abbas El Fassi Saudi Arabia: Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Khaled al-Johani Manal al-Sharif Nimr al-Nimr Sudan: Omar al-Bashir Hassan al-Turabi Syria: Bashar al-Assad Muhammad Naji al-Otari Adel Safar Riyad Farid Hijab Wael Nader al-Halqi Maher al-Assad Burhan Ghalioun Moaz al-Khatib Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb Tunisia: Zine El Abidine Ben Ali Mohamed Ghannouchi Moncef Marzouki Rashid al-Ghannushi Fouad Mebazaa Beji Caid Essebsi Hamadi Jebali Mohamed Bouazizi Chokri Belaid United Arab Emirates: UAE Five Yemen: Ali Abdullah Saleh Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi Tawakkol Karman Abdul Majeed al-Zindani Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar Sadiq al-Ahmar Abdul-Malik al-Houthi Mohammed Ali al-Houthi
Impact	Occupy movement Albania Armenia Azerbaijan 2011 2013 Belarus Burkina Faso China Greece India 2011 2012 Iran Iraqi Kurdistan Israel Maldives Mali Mexico 2011 2012 Portugal Russia Spain Turkey 2011–2012 2013 United Kingdom United States Libyan civil war (2011–present) Egyptian crisis (2011–2014)
UN Resolutions	65/265 1970 1973 2009 2014 2016
International reactions	Bahrain Egypt Libya civil war military intervention death of Muammar Gaddafi Syria Tunisia Yemen
Domestic reactions	Egypt Libya domestic responses Syria
Timelines by country	Bahrain Egypt Libya Saudi Arabia Syria Yemen Yemen Libya Egypt
Category

Arabic language Demographics Education universities Ministry Health hospitals medical education Private Hospitals Association Public holidays Religion Islam Christianity Freedom of religion
Culture	Art Cinema Cuisine (wine) Media JRTV Ro'ya TV newspapers Music World Heritage Sites Sport

People

Lists

Categories:

Misplaced Pages