The Central Committee of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was in session from 1966 until 1971. There were 195 regular members chosen, an increase from the 175 selected in 1961; of the 195 members, 51 were newcomers, and 144 were incumbents; another 31 had died or resigned since the 1961 election. Another 145 candidate members, who could participate but could not vote on motions, were picked in addition to the voting regular members.
The Committee elected, at its 1st Plenary Session, the 23rd Politburo, the 23rd Secretariat and the 23rd Party Control Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
Plenums
The Central Committee was not a permanent institution. It convened plenary sessions. 16 CC plenary sessions were held between the 23rd Congress and the 24th Congress. When the CC was not in session, decision-making power was vested in the internal bodies of the CC itself; that is, the Politburo and the Secretariat. None of these bodies were permanent either; typically they convened several times a month.
Plenum | Date | Length |
---|---|---|
1st Plenary Session | 8 April 1966 | 1 day |
2nd Plenary Session | 25–27 May 1966 | 3 days |
3rd Plenary Session | 1 August 1966 | 1 day |
4th Plenary Session | 12–13 December 1966 | 2 days |
5th Plenary Session | 20–21 June 1967 | 2 days |
6th Plenary Session | 26 September 1967 | 1 day |
7th Plenary Session | 9–10 April 1968 | 2 days |
8th Plenary Session | 17 July 1968 | 6 days |
9th Plenary Session | 30–31 October 1968 | 2 days |
10th Plenary Session | 9 December 1968 | 1 day |
11th Plenary Session | 26 June 1969 | 1 day |
12th Plenary Session | 15 December 1969 | 1 day |
13th Plenary Session | 2–3 July 1970 | 2 days |
14th Plenary Session | 13 July 1970 | 1 day |
15th Plenary Session | 7 December 1970 | 1 day |
16th Plenary Session | 22 March 1971 | 1 day |
Composition
Members
Name | Cyrillic | 22nd CC | 24th CC | Birth | Death | PM | Ethnicity | Gender |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pyotr Abrasimov | Петр Абрасимов | Old | Reelected | 1912 | 2009 | 1940 | Russian | Male |
Sergey Afanseyev | Серге́й Афана́сьев | Old | Reelected | 1918 | 2001 | 1943 | Russian | Male |
Vali Akhundov | Вели Ахундов | Old | Not | 1916 | 1986 | 1939 | Azerbaijani | Male |
Anatoly Alexandrov | Анатолий Александров | New | Reelected | 1903 | 1994 | 1962 | Ukrainian | Male |
Yuri Andropov | Юрий Андропов | Old | Reelected | 1914 | 1984 | 1939 | Russian | Male |
Sergey Antonov | Сергей Антонов | New | Not | 1914 | 2000 | 1948 | Russian | Male |
Averky Aristov | Аверкий Аристов | Old | Not | 1903 | 1973 | 1921 | Russian | Male |
Asanbay Askarov | Асанбай Аскаров | New | Reelected | 1922 | 2001 | 1944 | Kazakh | Male |
Ivan Bagramyan | Иван Баграмян | Old | Reelected | 1897 | 1982 | 1941 | Armenian | Male |
Nikolai Baibakov | Николай Байбаков | Comeback | Reelected | 1911 | 2008 | 1939 | Russian | Male |
Nikolai Bannikov | Никола́й Ба́нников | Promoted | Reelected | 1914 | 2004 | 1937 | Russian | Male |
Alexander Basov | Александр Басов | Old | Reelected | 1912 | 1988 | 1945 | Russian | Male |
Pavel Batitsky | Па́вел Бати́цкий | Candidate | Reelected | 1910 | 1984 | 1938 | Ukrainian | Male |
Afanasy Beloborodov | Афанасий Белобородов | New | Not | 1903 | 1990 | 1926 | Russian | Male |
Ivan Benediktov | Иван Бенедиктов | Old | Not | 1902 | 1983 | 1930 | Russian | Male |
Boris Beshchev | Борис Бещев | Old | Reelected | 1903 | 1981 | 1927 | Russian | Male |
Masymkhan Beysebayev | Масымхан Бейсебаев | Candidate | Not | 1908 | 1987 | 1932 | Kazakh | Male |
Ivan Bodiul | Иван Бодюл | Old | Reelected | 1918 | 2013 | 1940 | Ukrainian | Male |
Andrei Borodin | Андрей Бородин | New | Reelected | 1912 | 1984 | 1941 | Russian | Male |
Pavel Borodin | Павел Бородин | New | Reelected | 1911 | 1998 | 1932 | Russian | Male |
Leonid Brezhnev | Леонид Брежнев | Old | Reelected | 1906 | 1982 | 1931 | Russian | Male |
Boris Butoma | Бутома Евстафьевич | Old | Reelected | 1907 | 1976 | 1928 | Ukrainian | Male |
Vasily Chernyshev | Василий Чернышёв | Old | Died | 1908 | 1969 | 1928 | Russian | Male |
Stepan Chervonenko | Степан Червоненко | Old | Reelected | 1915 | 2003 | 1940 | Ukrainian | Male |
Vasily Chuikov | Васи́лий Чуйко́в | Old | Reelected | 1900 | 1982 | 1919 | Russian | Male |
Viktor Churayev | Виктор Чураев | Old | Not | 1903 | 1982 | 1929 | Russian | Male |
Abdurakhman Daniyalov | Абдурахман Даниялов | Old | Not | 1908 | 1981 | 1928 | Avar | Male |
Vladimir Degtyarov | Владимир Дегтярёв | New | Reelected | 1920 | 1993 | 1945 | Russian | Male |
Pyotr Dementev | Pyotr Dementev | Old | Reelected | 1907 | 1977 | 1938 | Russian | Male |
Pyotr Demichev | Пётр Де́мичев | Old | Reelected | 1917 | 2010 | 1939 | Russian | Male |
Veniamin Dymshits | Вениамин Дымшиц | Old | Reelected | 1910 | 1993 | 1937 | Ukrainian | Male |
Pyotr Fedoseyev | Петр Федосеев | Old | Reelected | 1908 | 1990 | 1939 | Russian | Male |
Leonid Florentyev | Леонид Флорентьев | Old | Reelected | 1911 | 2003 | 1939 | Russian | Male |
Yekaterina Furtseva | Екатерина Фурцева | Old | Reelected | 1910 | 1974 | 1930 | Russian | Female |
Valentina Gaganova | Валентина Гаганова | Old | Not | 1932 | 2010 | 1949 | Russian | Female |
Konstantin Galanshin | Константин Галаншин | Old | Reelected | 1912 | 2011 | 1944 | Russian | Male |
Vasily Garbuzov | Василий Гарбузов | Old | Reelected | 1911 | 1985 | 1939 | Russian | Male |
Alexander Georgiev | Александр Георгиев | Old | Reelected | 1913 | 1976 | 1943 | Ukrainian | Male |
Sergey Gorshkov | Серге́й Горшков | Old | Reelected | 1910 | 1988 | 1942 | Russian | Male |
Fodor Goryachev | Фёдор Горячев | Old | Reelected | 1905 | 1996 | 1927 | Russian | Male |
Andrei Grechko | Андре́й Гре́чко | Old | Reelected | 1903 | 1976 | 1928 | Ukrainian | Male |
Konstantin Grishin | Константин Гришин | Old | Reelected | 1908 | 1973 | 1931 | Russian | Male |
Viktor Grishin | Ви́ктор Гри́шин | Old | Reelected | 1914 | 1992 | 1939 | Russian | Male |
Ivan Grishmanov | Иван Гришманов | Old | Reelected | 1906 | 1979 | 1936 | Russian | Male |
Andrei Gromyko | Андрей Громыко | Old | Reelected | 1909 | 1989 | 1931 | Belarusian | Male |
Pyotr Grushin | Пётр Гру́шин | New | Reelected | 1906 | 1993 | 1931 | Russian | Male |
Ivan Hrushetsky | Иван Грушецкий | Old | Reelected | 1904 | 1982 | 1928 | Ukrainian | Male |
Nikolai Ignatov | Никола́й Игна́тов | Old | Died | 1901 | 1966 | 1924 | Russian | Male |
Givi Javakhishvili | Гиви Джавахишвили | Old | Reelected | 1912 | 1985 | 1941 | Georgian | Male |
Johannes Käbin | Йоха́ннес Кэ́бин | Old | Reelected | 1905 | 1999 | 1927 | Estonian | Male |
Valery Kalmykov | Валерий Калмыков | Old | Reelected | 1908 | 1974 | 1942 | Russian | Male |
Jānis Kalnbērziņš | Ян Калнбе́рзинь | Old | Not | 1893 | 1986 | 1917 | Latvian | Male |
Ivan Kapitonov | Иван Капитонов | Old | Reelected | 1915 | 2002 | 1939 | Russian | Male |
Konstantin Katushev | Константин Катушев | New | Reelected | 1927 | 2010 | 1952 | Russian | Male |
Vasily Kavun | Василий Кавун | Old | Reelected | 1928 | 2009 | 1954 | Ukrainian | Male |
Ivan Kazanets | Иван Казанец | Old | Reelected | 1918 | 2013 | 1944 | Ukrainian | Male |
Mstislav Keldysh | Мстислав Келдыш | Old | Reelected | 1911 | 1978 | 1949 | Russian | Male |
Vladimir Kholyavko | Владимир Холявко | New | Not | 1934 | Alive | 1957 | Ukrainian | Male |
Andrei Kirilenko | Андре́й Кириле́нко | Old | Reelected | 1906 | 1990 | 1930 | Ukrainian | Male |
Vladimir Kirillin | Владимир Кириллин | Candidate | Reelected | 1913 | 1999 | 1937 | Russian | Male |
Ivan Kiselov | Иван Киселёв | Old | Reelected | 1917 | 2004 | 1944 | Russian | Male |
Tikhon Kiselyov | Ти́хон Киселёв | Old | Reelected | 1917 | 1983 | 1940 | Belarusian | Male |
Vasily Klimenko | Василий Клименко | Old | Not | 1906 | 1984 | 1929 | Ukrainian | Male |
Anton Kochinyan | Анто́н Кочиня́н | Candidate | Reelected | 1913 | 1989 | 1931 | Armenian | Male |
Aleksandr Kokarev | Александр Кокарев | Old | Reelected | 1909 | 1991 | 1938 | Ukrainian | Male |
Vasily Komyakhov | Василь Комяхов | Old | Died | 1911 | 1966 | 1941 | Russian | Male |
Ivan Konev | Иван Конев | Old | Reelected | 1897 | 1973 | 1918 | Russian | Male |
Vasily Konotop | Василий Конотоп | Candidate | Reelected | 1916 | 1995 | 1944 | Ukrainian | Male |
Nikolay Konovalov | Никола́й Конова́лов | Old | Reelected | 1907 | 1993 | 1929 | Russian | Male |
Oleksandr Korniychuk | Александр Корнейчук | Old | Reelected | 1905 | 1972 | 1940 | Ukrainian | Male |
Demyan Korotchenko | Демьян Коротченко | Comeback | Died | 1894 | 1969 | 1918 | Ukrainian | Male |
Nikolay Korytkov | Николай Корытков | Old | Reelected | 1910 | 2000 | 1939 | Russian | Male |
Shapet Kospanov | Шапет Коспанов | New | Reelected | 1914 | 2006 | 1944 | Kazakh | Male |
Anatoly Kostousov | Анатолий Костоусов | Old | Reelected | 1906 | 1985 | 1925 | Russian | Male |
Alexei Kosygin | Алексей Косыгин | Old | Reelected | 1904 | 1980 | 1927 | Russian | Male |
Alexander Kovalenko | Александр Коваленко | Old | Reelected | 1909 | 1987 | 1931 | Ukrainian | Male |
Pavel Kovanov | Павел Кованов | Candidate | Not | 1907 | 1986 | 1940 | Russian | Male |
Yevgeny Kozhevnikov | Евгений Кожевников | Old | Reelected | 1905 | 1979 | 1942 | Russian | Male |
Vasily Kozlov | Василий Козлов | Candidate | Died | 1903 | 1967 | 1927 | Belarusian | Male |
Mikhail Krakhmalov | Михаил Крахмалёв | Old | Reelected | 1914 | 1977 | 1939 | Russian | Male |
Nikolay Krylov | Никола́й Крыло́в | Old | Reelected | 1903 | 1972 | 1927 | Russian | Male |
Fyodor Kulakov | Фёдор Кулаков | Old | Reelected | 1918 | 1978 | 1940 | Russian | Male |
Leonid Kulichenko | Леонид Куличенко | New | Reelected | 1913 | 1990 | 1940 | Russian | Male |
Dinmukhamed Kunaev | Дінмұхаммед Қонаев | Old | Reelected | 1912 | 1993 | 1939 | Kazakh | Male |
Rakhmankul Kurbanov | Рахманкул Курбанов | Old | Not | 1912 | 2012 | 1940 | Uzbek | Male |
Vasily Kuznetsov | Василий Кузнецов | Old | Reelected | 1901 | 1990 | 1927 | Russian | Male |
Mikhail Lesechko | Михаил Лесечко | Old | Reelected | 1909 | 1984 | 1940 | Ukrainian | Male |
Oleksandr Liashko | Алекса́ндр Ляшко́ | Old | Reelected | 1915 | 2002 | 1942 | Ukrainian | Male |
Yevgeny Loginov | Евге́ний Ло́гинов | Promoted | Died | 1907 | 1970 | 1939 | Russian | Male |
Pyotr Lomako | Пётр Лома́ко | Comeback | Reelected | 1904 | 1990 | 1925 | Russian | Male |
Vladimir Lomonosov | Владимир Ломоносов | New | Reelected | 1928 | 1999 | 1950 | Russian | Male |
Ivan Lutak | Иван Лутак | Old | Reelected | 1919 | 2009 | 1940 | Ukrainian | Male |
Rodion Malinovsky | Родио́н Малино́вский | Old | Died | 1898 | 1967 | 1926 | Ukrainian | Male |
Sergey Manyakin | Сергей Манякин | Old | Reelected | 1923 | 2010 | 1945 | Russian | Male |
Pyotr Masherov | Пётр Машеров | Old | Reelected | 1918 | 1980 | 1943 | Belarusian | Male |
Vladimir Matskevich | Владимир Мацкевич | Comeback | Reelected | 1909 | 1998 | 1939 | Ukrainian | Male |
Kirill Mazurov | Кири́лл Ма́зуров | Old | Reelected | 1914 | 1989 | 1940 | Belarusian | Male |
Nikolai Mikhailov | Николай Михайлов | Old | Not | 1906 | 1982 | 1930 | Russian | Male |
Anastas Mikoyan | Анастас Микоян | Old | Reelected | 1895 | 1978 | 1915 | Armenian | Male |
Leonid Monashev | Леонид Монашев | Old | Not | 1914 | 1995 | 1939 | Russian | Male |
Kirill Moskalenko | Кирилл Москаленко | Old | Reelected | 1902 | 1985 | 1926 | Ukrainian | Male |
Vasil Mzhavanadze | Василий Мжаванадзе | Old | Reelected | 1902 | 1988 | 1927 | Georgian | Male |
Yadgar Nasriddinova | Ядгар Насриддинова | Old | Reelected | 1920 | 2006 | 1942 | Uzbek | Female |
Konstantin Nikolayev | Константин Николаев | Candidate | Not | 1910 | 1972 | 1940 | Russian | Male |
Tatyana Nikolayeva | Татьяна Николаева | Old | Not | 1919 | 2022 | 1940 | Russian | Female |
Ignaty Novikov | Игнатий Новиков | Old | Reelected | 1906 | 1993 | 1926 | Ukrainian | Male |
Vladimir Novikov | Владимир Новиков | Old | Reelected | 1907 | 2000 | 1936 | Russian | Male |
Ziya Nuriyev | Зия Нуриев | Old | Reelected | 1915 | 2012 | 1939 | Bashkir | Male |
Nikolay Organov | Николай Органов | Old | Not | 1901 | 1982 | 1925 | Russian | Male |
Balysh Ovezov | Балыш Овезов | Old | Not | 1915 | 1975 | 1939 | Turkmen | Male |
Nikolai Patolichev | Николай Патоличев | Old | Reelected | 1908 | 1989 | 1928 | Russian | Male |
Borys Paton | Бори́с Пато́н | Candidate | Reelected | 1918 | 2020 | 1952 | Ukrainian | Male |
Sergey Pavlov | Серге́й Па́влов | Old | Not | 1929 | 1993 | 1954 | Russian | Male |
Vladimir Pavlov | Влади́мир Па́влов | New | Reelected | 1923 | 1998 | 1948 | Russian | Male |
Nikolai Pegov | Георгий Павлов | Old | Reelected | 1905 | 1991 | 1939 | Ukrainian | Male |
Jānis Peive | Ян Пейве | New | Not | 1906 | 1976 | 1940 | Latvian | Male |
Arvīds Pelše | А́рвид Пе́льше | Old | Reelected | 1899 | 1983 | 1915 | Latvian | Male |
Nikolai Podgorny | Никола́й Подго́рный | Old | Reelected | 1903 | 1983 | 1930 | Ukrainian | Male |
Ivan Polyakov | Ива́н Поляко́в | Candidate | Reelected | 1914 | 2004 | 1949 | Belarusian | Male |
Dmitry Polyansky | Дми́трий Поля́нский | Old | Reelected | 1917 | 2001 | 1939 | Ukrainian | Male |
Boris Ponomarev | Борис Пономарёв | Old | Reelected | 1905 | 1995 | 1919 | Russian | Male |
Georgy Popov | Георгий Попов | Old | Not | 1912 | 1984 | 1942 | Russian | Male |
Nina Popova | Нина Попова | Old | Reelected | 1908 | 1994 | 1932 | Russian | Female |
Pyotr Pospelov | Пётр Поспелов | Old | Not | 1898 | 1979 | 1916 | Russian | Male |
Vladimir Promyslov | Владимир Промыслов | New | Reelected | 1908 | 1993 | 1928 | Russian | Male |
Siarhei Prytytski | Серге́й Притыцкий | Old | Reelected | 1913 | 1971 | 1932 | Belarusian | Male |
Alexander Puzanov | Александр Пузанов | Old | Reelected | 1906 | 1998 | 1925 | Russian | Male |
Konstantin Pysin | Константин Пысин | Old | Not | 1910 | 1987 | 1925 | Russian | Male |
Sharof Rashidov | Шараф Рашидов | Old | Reelected | 1917 | 1983 | 1939 | Uzbek | Male |
Jabbor Rasulov | Джабар Расулов | Old | Reelected | 1913 | 1982 | 1934 | Tajik | Male |
Nikolai Rodionov | Никола́й Родио́нов | Candidate | Reelected | 1915 | 1999 | 1944 | Russian | Male |
Grigory Romanov | Григорий Романов | New | Reelected | 1923 | 2008 | 1944 | Russian | Male |
Alexander Rudakov | Алекса́ндр Рудако́в | Old | Died | 1910 | 1966 | 1931 | Russian | Male |
Roman Rudenko | Рома́н Руде́нко | Old | Reelected | 1907 | 1981 | 1926 | Russian | Male |
Konstantin Rudnev | Константин Руднев | Old | Reelected | 1911 | 1980 | 1941 | Russian | Male |
Aleksey Rumyantsev | Алексей Румянцев | Old | Reelected | 1905 | 1993 | 1940 | Russian | Male |
Vasily Ryabikov | Васи́лий Ря́биков | Old | Reelected | 1907 | 1974 | 1925 | Russian | Male |
Vladimir Semichastny | Влади́мир Семича́стный | Old | Not | 1924 | 2001 | 1944 | Russian | Male |
Nikolai Shchelokov | Никола́й Щёлоков | Promoted | Reelected | 1910 | 1984 | 1931 | Russian | Male |
Volodymyr Shcherbytsky | Влади́мир Щерби́цкий | Old | Reelected | 1918 | 1990 | 1948 | Ukrainian | Male |
Semon Shchetinin | Семён Щетинин | Old | Reelected | 1910 | 1975 | 1932 | Russian | Male |
Alexander Shelepin | Алекса́ндр Шеле́пин | Old | Reelected | 1918 | 1994 | 1940 | Russian | Male |
Petro Shelest | Петро Шелест | Old | Reelected | 1908 | 1996 | 1928 | Ukrainian | Male |
Alexander Sheremetov | Александр Шереметов | Promoted | Reelected | 1925 | 2006 | 1952 | Russian | Male |
Vladimir Shevchenko | Владимир Шевченко | New | Reelected | 1918 | 1997 | 1940 | Ukrainian | Male |
Aleksey Shibayev | Алексей Шибаев | Old | Reelected | 1915 | 1991 | 1940 | Russian | Male |
Aleksey Shitikov | Алексе́й Ши́тиков | Old | Reelected | 1912 | 1993 | 1939 | Russian | Male |
Aleksey Shkolnikov | Алексей Шко́льников | Old | Reelected | 1914 | 2003 | 1940 | Russian | Male |
Aleksandr Shokin | Алекса́ндр Шо́кин | Candidate | Reelected | 1909 | 1988 | 1936 | Russian | Male |
Mikhail Sholokhov | Михаил Шолохов | Old | Reelected | 1905 | 1984 | 1932 | Russian | Male |
Nikolai Shvernik | Никола́й Шве́рник | Old | Died | 1888 | 1970 | 1905 | Russian | Male |
Mikhail Sinitsa | Михаил Синица | Old | Not | 1913 | 1985 | 1942 | Ukrainian | Male |
Anatoly Skochilov | Анатолий Скочилов | Candidate | Reelected | 1912 | 1977 | 1940 | Russian | Male |
Efim P. Slavsky | Ефи́м Сла́вский | Old | Reelected | 1898 | 1991 | 1918 | Russian | Male |
Leonid Smirnov | Леонид Смирнов | Old | Reelected | 1916 | 2001 | 1943 | Russian | Male |
Antanas Sniečkus | Антанас Снечкус | Old | Reelected | 1903 | 1974 | 1920 | Lithuanian | Male |
Nikolay Sobol | Николай Со́боль | Old | Not | 1910 | 1991 | 1939 | Ukrainian | Male |
Sergey Sokolov | Серге́й Соколо́в | Promoted | Reelected | 1911 | 2012 | 1937 | Russian | Male |
Tikhon Sokovlev | Ти́хон Соколо́в | Old | Reelected | 1913 | 1992 | 1941 | Russian | Male |
Mikhail Solomentsev | Михаи́л Соло́менцев | Old | Reelected | 1913 | 2008 | 1940 | Russian | Male |
Ivan Spiridnov | Ива́н Спиридо́нов | Old | Not | 1905 | 1991 | 1928 | Russian | Male |
Vladimir Stepakov | Влади́мир Степако́в | New | Reelected | 1912 | 1987 | 1937 | Russian | Male |
Alexander Struyev | Алекса́ндр Стру́ев | Candidate | Reelected | 1906 | 1991 | 1927 | Ukrainian | Male |
Fodor Surganov | Фёдор Сурганов | Old | Reelected | 1911 | 1976 | 1940 | Belarusian | Male |
Mikhail Suslov | Михаил Суслов | Old | Reelected | 1902 | 1982 | 1921 | Russian | Male |
Fikryat Tabeyev | Фикрят Табеев | Old | Reelected | 1928 | 2015 | 1957 | Russian | Male |
Nikolai Tikhonov | Николай Тихонов | Candidate | Reelected | 1905 | 1997 | 1940 | Russian | Male |
Fedor Titov | Фёдор Титов | Old | Not | 1910 | 1989 | 1930 | Tatar | Male |
Vitaly Titov | Виталий Титов | Old | Reelected | 1907 | 1980 | 1938 | Ukrainian | Male |
Alexander Tokarev | Алекса́ндр То́карев | New | Reelected | 1921 | 2004 | 1942 | Russian | Male |
Vasily Tolstikov | Василий Толстиков | Old | Reelected | 1917 | 2003 | 1948 | Russian | Male |
Sergey Trapeznikov | Сергей Трапезников | New | Reelected | 1912 | 1984 | 1931 | Russian | Male |
Dmitriy Ustinov | Дми́трий Усти́нов | Old | Reelected | 1908 | 1984 | 1927 | Russian | Male |
Turdakun Usubaliev | Турдакун Усубалиев | Old | Reelected | 1919 | 2015 | 1945 | Kyrghyz | Male |
Nikolai Vasilyev | Павел Бородин | New | Reelected | 1916 | 2011 | 1942 | Russian | Male |
Oleksiy Vatchenko | Алексе́й Ва́тченко | Candidate | Reelected | 1914 | 1984 | 1940 | Ukrainian | Male |
Konstantin Vershinin | Константин Вершинин | Old | Not | 1900 | 1973 | 1919 | Russian | Male |
Alexander Volkov | Александр Волков | Old | Reelected | 1910 | 1990 | 1931 | Russian | Male |
Feodosy Voronov | Феодо́сий Во́ронов | Old | Not | 1904 | 1975 | 1927 | Russian | Male |
Gennady Voronov | Геннадий Воронов | Old | Reelected | 1910 | 1994 | 1931 | Russian | Male |
Kliment Voroshilov | Климент Ворошилов | Comeback | Died | 1881 | 1969 | 1903 | Russian | Male |
Ivan Yakubovsky | Ива́н Якубо́вский | Old | Reelected | 1912 | 1976 | 1937 | Belarusian | Male |
Mikhail Yasnov | Михаил Яснов | Old | Reelected | 1906 | 1991 | 1925 | Russian | Male |
Leonid Yefremov | Леонид Ефремов | Old | Not | 1912 | 2007 | 1941 | Russian | Male |
Mikhail Yefremov | Михаил Ефремов | Old | Reelected | 1911 | 2000 | 1931 | Russian | Male |
Nikolay Yegorychev | Никола́й Его́рычев | Old | Not | 1920 | 2005 | 1942 | Russian | Male |
Vyacheslav Yelyutin | Вячеслав Елю́тин | Old | Reelected | 1907 | 1993 | 1929 | Russian | Male |
Alexei Yepishev | Алексей Епишев | Old | Reelected | 1908 | 1985 | 1929 | Russian | Male |
Afanasy Yeshtokin | Афана́сий Ешто́кин | New | Reelected | 1913 | 1974 | 1943 | Russian | Male |
Ivan Yunak | Иван Юнак | Old | Reelected | 1918 | 1995 | 1944 | Ukrainian | Male |
Matvei Zakharov | Матве́й Заха́ров | Old | Reelected | 1898 | 1972 | 1917 | Russian | Male |
Vladimir Zhigalin | Владимир Жигалин | Old | Reelected | 1907 | 1990 | 1931 | Russian | Male |
Mikhail Zimyanin | Михаил Зимянин | Old | Reelected | 1914 | 1995 | 1939 | Belarusian | Male |
Grigory Zolotukhin | Григо́рий Золоту́хин | Comeback | Reelected | 1911 | 1988 | 1939 | Russian | Male |
Valerian Zorin | Валериан Зорин | Old | Not | 1902 | 1986 | 1922 | Russian | Male |
Sergey Zverev | Серге́й Зве́рев | Old | Reelected | 1912 | 1978 | 1932 | Russian | Male |
Candidates
Name | Cyrillic | 22nd CC | 24th CC | Birth | Death | PM | Ethnicity | Gender |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Malik Abdurazakov | Малик Абдуразаков | Candidate | Not | 1919 | 1973 | 1940 | Uzbek | Male |
Pavel Afanasyev | Афана́сьев Я́ковлевич | Candidate | Not | 1905 | 1989 | 1925 | Russian | Male |
Evgeny Alekseevsky | Евгений Алексеевский | New | Member | 1906 | 1979 | 1925 | Ukrainian | Male |
Enver Alikhanov | Энвер Алиханов | New | Not | 1917 | 1992 | 1943 | Azerbaijani | Male |
Nikolay Amelko | Николай Амелько | New | Not | 1914 | 2007 | 1944 | Belarusian | Male |
Dmitry Angelyev | Дмитрий Ангельев | New | Not | 1918 | 1985 | 1947 | Ukrainian | Male |
Aleksey Antonov | Алексей Антонов | Candidate | Member | 1912 | 2010 | 1940 | Russian | Male |
Vasily Antonov | Василий Антонов | Candidate | Died | 1914 | 1967 | 1937 | Russian | Male |
Stepan Avramenko | Степан Авраменко | New | Member | 1918 | 2010 | 1950 | Ukrainian | Male |
Viktor Bakayev | Виктор Бакаев | Candidate | Not | 1902 | 1987 | 1919 | Russian | Male |
Nikolai Bannikov | Никола́й Ба́нников | New | Promoted | 1914 | 2004 | 1937 | Russian | Male |
Vladimir Bazovsky | Владимир Базовский | Candidate | Candidate | 1917 | 1993 | 1942 | Russian | Male |
Raisa Belskikh | Раиса Бельских | New | Not | 1934 | 2012 | 1960 | Russian | Female |
Aleksandr Bochkarov | Александр Бочкарёв | New | Not | 1908 | 1985 | 1931 | Russian | Male |
Boris Bratchenko | Бори́с Бра́тченко | New | Member | 1912 | 2004 | 1940 | Russian | Male |
Konstantin Brekhov | Константи́н Бре́хов | Candidate | Member | 1907 | 1994 | 1931 | Russian | Male |
Nikita Bubnovsky | Никита Бубновский | Candidate | Not | 1907 | 1997 | 1939 | Ukrainian | Male |
Semyon Budyonny | Семён Будённый | Candidate | Candidate | 1883 | 1973 | 1919 | Russian | Male |
Aleksandr Bulgakov | Александр Булгаков | Candidate | Member | 1907 | 1996 | 1937 | Ukrainian | Male |
Boris Butoma | Бутома Евстафьевич | Candidate | Member | 1907 | 1976 | 1928 | Ukrainian | Male |
Konstantin Chernenko | Константин Черненко | New | Member | 1911 | 1985 | 1931 | Ukrainian | Male |
Gavrii Chiryayev | Гавриил Чиряев | New | Member | 1925 | 1985 | 1944 | Yakut | Male |
Anatoly Chubarov | Анатолий Чубаров | New | Not | 1922 | 2006 | 1943 | Russian | Male |
Vladimir Demchenko | Иван Густов | New | Candidate | 1920 | 1991 | 1946 | Russian | Male |
Raisa Dementyeva | Раиса Дементьева | New | Not | 1925 | Alive | 1948 | Russian | Female |
Georgy Denisov | Георгий Денисов | Candidate | Not | 1910 | 2005 | 1930 | Russian | Male |
Alexandru Diordiță | Александр Диордица | Candidate | Not | 1911 | 1996 | 1938 | Moldovan | Male |
Viktor Dobrik | Виктор До́брик | New | Member | 1927 | 2008 | 1954 | Ukrainian | Male |
Anatoly Dobrynin | Анато́лий Добры́нин | New | Member | 1919 | 2010 | 1945 | Russian | Male |
Vasiliy Doyenin | Василий Доенин | New | Candidate | 1909 | 1977 | 1940 | Russian | Male |
Vasily Drozdenko | Васи́лий Дрозде́нко | New | Member | 1924 | 1982 | 1944 | Ukrainian | Male |
Anatoly Drygin | Анатолий Дрыгин | Candidate | Member | 1914 | 1990 | 1940 | Russian | Male |
Georgy Frantsov | Юрий Францев | Candidate | Died | 1903 | 1969 | 1940 | Russian | Male |
Viktor Fedorov | Ви́ктор Фёдоров | Candidate | Candidate | 1912 | 1990 | 1939 | Russian | Male |
Vasily Frolov | Василий Фролов | Candidate | Candidate | 1914 | 1994 | 1944 | Russian | Male |
Muhammetnazar Gapurov | Мухамедназар Гапуров | New | Member | 1912 | 2004 | 1944 | Turkmen | Male |
Mikhail Georgadze | Михаил Георгадзе | New | Candidate | 1912 | 1982 | 1942 | Georgian | Male |
Konstantin Gerasimov | Константин Гера́симов | Candidate | Candidate | 1910 | 1982 | 1939 | Russian | Male |
Andrei Getman | Андрей Гетман | Candidate | Candidate | 1903 | 1987 | 1927 | Ukrainian | Male |
Fedor Golovchenko | Федор Головченко | New | Not | 1918 | 2001 | 1949 | Ukrainian | Male |
Basan Gorodovikov | Баса́н Городовико́в | New | Candidate | 1910 | 1983 | 1939 | Buzavan | Male |
Dmitry Goryunov | Дми́трий Горюно́в | New | Not | 1915 | 1992 | 1940 | Russian | Male |
Nikolai Gribachev | Николай Грибачёв | New | Candidate | 1910 | 1992 | 1943 | Russian | Male |
Konstantin Grushevoy | Константин Грушевой | New | Candidate | 1906 | 1982 | 1927 | Ukrainian | Male |
Ivan Gustov | Иван Густов | Candidate | Candidate | 1911 | 1996 | 1932 | Russian | Male |
Vasily Isayev | Василий Исаев | New | Candidate | 1917 | 2008 | 1939 | Russian | Male |
Aleksandr Ishkov | Александр Ишков | Candidate | Candidate | 1905 | 1988 | 1927 | Russian | Male |
Semon Islyukov | Семён Ислюков | Candidate | Not | 1915 | 1998 | 1939 | Russian | Male |
Bilar Kabaloyev | Семён Ислюков | Candidate | Candidate | 1915 | 1998 | 1939 | Chuvash | Male |
Abdulakhad Kakharov | Абдулахад Кахаров | Candidate | Candidate | 1913 | 1984 | 1939 | Tajik | Male |
Nikifor Kalchenko | Никифор Ка́льченко | Candidate | Candidate | 1906 | 1989 | 1932 | Ukrainian | Male |
Andrey Kandrenkov | Андре́й Кандрёнков | Candidate | Candidate | 1915 | 1989 | 1939 | Russian | Male |
Vladimir Karlov | Влади́мир Ка́рлов | Candidate | Candidate | 1914 | 1994 | 1940 | Russian | Male |
Yevdokya Karpova | Марина Журавлёва | New | Candidate | 1923 | 2000 | 1952 | Russian | Female |
Mikhail Kazakov | Михаил Казаков | Candidate | Not | 1901 | 1979 | 1919 | Russian | Male |
Valter Klauson | Вальтер Клаусон | Candidate | Candidate | 1913 | 1988 | 1943 | Estonian | Male |
Mikhail Klepikov | Михаил Клепиков | New | Member | 1927 | 1999 | 1956 | Russian | Male |
Aleksandr Klimov | Александр Климов | Candidate | Candidate | 1914 | 1979 | 1939 | Russian | Male |
Filipp Knyazev | Фили́пп Кня́зев | New | Candidate | 1916 | 1994 | 1940 | Russian | Male |
Vyacheslav Kochemasov | Вячеслав Кочемасов | New | Candidate | 1918 | 1998 | 1944 | Russian | Male |
Nikolay Kochetkov | Николай Кочетков | New | Candidate | 1927 | 2002 | 1957 | Russian | Male |
Olga Kolchina | Ольга Колчина | Candidate | Candidate | 1918 | 2017 | 1946 | Russian | Female |
Leonid Korniyets | Леони́д Рома́нович Корни́ец | Candidate | Died | 1901 | 1969 | 1926 | Ukrainian | Male |
Aleksey Kortunov | Алексе́й Кортуно́в | Candidate | Candidate | 1907 | 1973 | 1939 | Russian | Male |
Pyotr Koshevoy | Пётр Кошевой | Candidate | Not | 1904 | 1976 | 1925 | Ukrainian | Male |
Leonid Kostandov | Леони́д Коста́ндов | New | Member | 1915 | 1984 | 1942 | Armenian | Male |
Ivan Koval | Иван Коваль | Candidate | Not | 1910 | 1996 | 1938 | Ukrainian | Male |
Grigory Kozlov | Григо́рий Козло́в | New | Died | 1912 | 1968 | 1943 | Russian | Male |
Nikolay Kozlov | Николай Козлов | New | Member | 1925 | 2001 | 1946 | Russian | Male |
Pavel Kozyr | Па́вел Ко́зырь | Candidate | Member | 1913 | 1999 | 1939 | Ukrainian | Male |
Anatoly Kremen | Анатолий Кремень | New | Not | 1929 | Alive | 1961 | Belarusian | Male |
Gleb Kriulin | Глеб Криулин | New | Candidate | 1923 | 1988 | 1945 | Belarusian | Male |
Vasily Kutsevol | Васи́лий Куцево́л | New | Member | 1920 | 2001 | 1947 | Ukrainian | Male |
Mikhail Lavrentyev | Михаи́л Лавре́нтьев | Candidate | Candidate | 1900 | 1980 | 1952 | Russian | Male |
Ivan Lavronov | Иван Лаврёнов | New | Died | 1912 | 1966 | 1932 | Belarusian | Male |
Pavel Leonov | Павел Леонов | Candidate | Member | 1918 | 1992 | 1944 | Russian | Male |
Yegor Ligachyov | Егор Лигачёв | New | Candidate | 1920 | 2021 | 1944 | Russian | Male |
Semyon Lobov | Семён Лобов | New | Candidate | 1913 | 1977 | 1940 | Russian | Male |
Yevgeny Loginov | Евге́ний Ло́гинов | New | Promoted | 1907 | 1970 | 1939 | Russian | Male |
Fodor Loshchenkov | Фодор Лощенков | Candidate | Candidate | 1915 | 2009 | 1943 | Russian | Male |
Nikolay Lyashchenko | Николай Лященко | New | Member | 1910 | 2000 | 1931 | Russian | Male |
Lidia Lykova | Лидия Лыкова | Candidate | Candidate | 1913 | 2016 | 1938 | Russian | Female |
Timbora Malbakhov | Тимбо́ра Мальба́хов | Candidate | Candidate | 1917 | 1999 | 1942 | Kabardian | Male |
Pavel Malofeyev | Павел Малофеев | New | Not | 1910 | 1983 | 1932 | Russian | Male |
Valery Marisov | Вале́рий Ма́рисов | Candidate | Member | 1915 | 1992 | 1940 | Russian | Male |
Sergey Maryakhin | Сергей Маряхин | New | Member | 1911 | 1972 | 1931 | Russian | Male |
Dmitry Mikhaylov | Дмитрий Михайлов | New | Not | 1919 | 2018 | 1957 | Russian | Male |
Andrey Modogoyev | Андрей Модогоев | New | Member | 1915 | 1989 | 1940 | Buryat | Male |
Badal Muradyan | Бадал Мурадян | New | Candidate | 1915 | 1991 | 1951 | Armenian | Male |
Mirzamakhmud Musakhanov | Мирзамахмуд Мусаханов | Candidate | Candidate | 1912 | 1995 | 1943 | Uzbek | Male |
Aleksandr Muzhitsky | Андрей Модогоев | New | Candidate | 1912 | 1982 | 1932 | Ukrainian | Male |
Pyotr Neporozhny | Пётр Непорожний | New | Member | 1910 | 1999 | 1940 | Ukrainian | Male |
Sabir Niyazbekov | Сабир Ниязбеков | New | Member | 1912 | 1989 | 1939 | Kazakh | Male |
Konstantin Novikov | Константин Новиков | Candidate | Not | 1910 | 1974 | 1932 | Russian | Male |
Nikolai Orgakov | Николай Огарков | New | Member | 1917 | 1994 | 1945 | Russian | Male |
Georgy Osipov | Георгий Осипов | Candidate | Not | 1906 | 1980 | 1927 | Russian | Male |
Justas Paleckis | Ю́стас Пале́цкис | Candidate | Not | 1899 | 1980 | 1940 | Lithuanian | Male |
Boris Pastukhov | Борис Пастухов | New | Candidate | 1933 | 2021 | 1959 | Russian | Male |
Georgy Pavlov | Гео́ргий Па́влов | Candidate | Member | 1910 | 1991 | 1939 | Russian | Male |
Grigory Pavlov | Григорий Павлов | New | Candidate | 1913 | 1994 | 1940 | Russian | Male |
Valentin Penkovsky | Валенти́н Пенько́вский | Candidate | Died | 1904 | 1969 | 1926 | Belarusian | Male |
Boris Petrovsky | Борис Петровский | New | Candidate | 1908 | 2004 | 1942 | Russian | Male |
Boris Petukhov | Борис Петухов | Candidate | Not | 1913 | 1979 | 1940 | Russian | Male |
Pyotr Pimenov | Пётр Пименов | New | Candidate | 1915 | 1980 | 1943 | Russian | Male |
Maria Poberey | Раиса Бельских | New | Candidate | 1924 | 1981 | 1957 | Russian | Female |
Viktor Podzerko | Виктор Подзерко | New | Not | 1912 | ? | 1940 | Ukrainian | Male |
Mikhail Ponomarev | Михаил Пономарёв | Candidate | Candidate | 1918 | 2001 | 1939 | Russian | Male |
Maria Popova | Мари́я Попо́ва | New | Candidate | 1928 | 2021 | 1959 | Russian | Female |
Sergey Postovalov | Сергей Постовалов | Candidate | Not | 1907 | 1983 | 1930 | Russian | Male |
Nikolay Psurtsev | Николай Псурцев | Candidate | Candidate | 1900 | 1980 | 1919 | Russian | Male |
Pyotr Rodionov | Пётр Родионов | New | Not | 1916 | 2013 | 1939 | Russian | Male |
Konstantin Rokossovsky | Константин Рокоссовский | Candidate | Died | 1896 | 1968 | 1917 | Polish | Male |
Aleksey Romanov | Алексе́й Рома́нов | Candidate | Candidate | 1908 | 1998 | 1939 | Russian | Male |
Nikolai Romanov | Николай Романов | New | Not | 1913 | 1993 | 1937 | Russian | Male |
Pyotr Rozenko | Пётр Розенко | Candidate | Candidate | 1907 | 1991 | 1943 | Ukrainian | Male |
Vitālijs Rubenis | Николай Романов | New | Candidate | 1914 | 1994 | 1939 | Latvian | Male |
Vasily Rykov | Василий Рыков | New | Candidate | 1918 | 2011 | 1943 | Russian | Male |
Vladimir Semyonov | Владимир Семёнов | New | Candidate | 1911 | 1992 | 1938 | Russian | Male |
Ivan Senkin | Иван Сенькин | New | Member | 1915 | 1986 | 1940 | Karelian | Male |
Ivan Serbin | Иван Сербин | Candidate | Candidate | 1910 | 1981 | 1931 | Russian | Male |
Vasily Shauro | Василий Шауро | New | Candidate | 1912 | 2007 | 1940 | Belarusian | Male |
Nikolai Shchelokov | Николай Щёлоков | New | Promoted | 1910 | 1984 | 1931 | Ukrainian | Male |
Boris Shcherbina | Борис Щербина | Candidate | Candidate | 1919 | 1990 | 1939 | Ukrainian | Male |
Aleksandr Sheremetov | Александр Шереметов | New | Promoted | 1925 | 2006 | 1952 | Russian | Male |
Aleksandra Shevchenko | Александра Шевченко | Candidate | Candidate | 1926 | 2020 | 1954 | Ukrainian | Female |
Aleksandr Sidorenko | Александр Сидоренко | New | Candidate | 1917 | 1982 | 1942 | Ukrainian | Male |
Ivan Sinitsyn | Иван Синицын | New | Candidate | 1917 | 1988 | 1940 | Russian | Male |
Pavel Sizov | Павел Сизов | New | Not | 1916 | 1988 | 1941 | Russian | Male |
Semon Skachkov | Семён Скачков | Candidate | Member | 1907 | 1996 | 1936 | Ukrainian | Male |
Igor Skulkov | Игорь Скулков | Candidate | Candidate | 1913 | 1971 | 1932 | Russian | Male |
Ivan Slazhnov | Иван Слажнев | Candidate | Candidate | 1913 | 1978 | 1939 | Ukrainian | Male |
Aleksandr I. Smirnov | Александр И. Смирнов | Candidate | Candidate | 1912 | 1997 | 1937 | Russian | Male |
Aleksandr N. Smirnov | Александр Н. Смирнов | New | Candidate | 1909 | 1972 | 1930 | Russian | Male |
Vasily Smirnov | Василий Смирно́в | Candidate | Member | 1905 | 1979 | 1925 | Russian | Male |
Sergey Sokolov | Серге́й Соколо́в | New | Promoted | 1911 | 2012 | 1937 | Russian | Male |
Vasily Sokolovsky | Васи́лий Соколо́вский | Candidate | Died | 1897 | 1968 | 1931 | Russian | Male |
Andrey Stuchenko | Андре́й Стуче́нко | Candidate | Not | 1904 | 1972 | 1929 | Ukrainian | Male |
Motiejus Šumauskas | Мотеюс Шумаускас | Candidate | Candidate | 1905 | 1982 | 1924 | Lithuanian | Male |
Alexander Tarasov | Алекса́ндр Тара́сов | Candidate | Candidate | 1911 | 1975 | 1940 | Russian | Male |
Vadim Tikunov | Вади́м Тикуно́в | Candidate | Not | 1921 | 1980 | 1942 | Russian | Male |
Semyon Timoshenko | Семён Тимоше́нко | Candidate | Died | 1895 | 1970 | 1919 | Ukrainian | Male |
Aleksey Titarenko | Алексе́й Титаре́нко | New | Member | 1915 | 1992 | 1940 | Ukrainian | Male |
Salchak Toka | Салчак Тока | Candidate | Member | 1901 | 1973 | 1944 | Tuvan | Male |
Lev Tolkunov | Лев Толкунов | New | Member | 1919 | 1989 | 1943 | Russian | Male |
Pyotr Urayev | Пётр Ура́ев | New | Died | 1910 | 1967 | 1939 | Russian | Male |
Artur Vader | Бутома Евстафьевич | Candidate | Member | 1920 | 1978 | 1943 | Estonian | Male |
Ivan Vladychenko | Ива́н Влады́ченко | New | Candidate | 1924 | 2022 | 1943 | Ukrainian | Male |
Praskovya Vorinina | Праско́вья Воро́нина | New | Not | 1934 | 2003 | 1942 | Russian | Female |
Mikhail Vsevolozhsky | Михаи́л Все́воложский | New | Candidate | 1917 | 2000 | 1944 | Russian | Male |
Fuad Yakubovsky | Ива́н Якубо́вский | New | Candidate | 1908 | 1975 | 1944 | Tatar | Male |
Mikhail Yangel | Михаил Янгель | New | Candidate | 1911 | 1971 | 1931 | Ukrainian | Male |
Anatoly Yegorov | Анато́лий Его́ров | New | Candidate | 1924 | 1982 | 1944 | Russian | Male |
Lev Yermin | Ле́в Е́рмин | Candidate | Member | 1923 | 2004 | 1943 | Russian | Male |
Andrey Yeryomenko | Андре́й Ерёменко | Candidate | Died | 1892 | 1970 | 1918 | Ukrainian | Male |
Aleksandr Yezhevsky | Александр Ежевский | New | Member | 1915 | 2017 | 1945 | Russian | Male |
Mikhail Zakharov | Михаил Захаров | New | Candidate | 1918 | ? | 1943 | Russian | Male |
Konstantin Zarodov | Николай Журин | New | Candidate | 1920 | 1982 | 1940 | Russian | Male |
Marina Zhuravlova | Марина Журавлёва | New | Not | 1931 | Alive | 1953 | Russian | Female |
Nikolay Zhurin | Николай Журин | Comeback | Candidate | 1908 | 1996 | 1930 | Russian | Male |
Vasily Zotov | Васи́лий Зо́тов | Candidate | Not | 1899 | 1977 | 1925 | Russian | Male |
References
Citations
- Archie Brown, Political Leadership in the Soviet Union (Springer, 1989) p116
- Simons & White 1984, pp. 423–425.
- "Съезды, конференции, пленумы и заседания РСДРП - РСДРП(б) - РКП(б) - ВКП(б) - КПСС" [Congresses, conferences, plenums and meetings of the RSDLP - RSDLP(b) - RCP(b) - CPSU]. Knowbysight.info. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
- ^ Staff writer 1963, p. I-A8 (90).
- "XXIII-й съезд Коммунистической партии Советского Союза 29.3 - 8.4.1966" [XXIII Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union 29.3 - 8.4.1966]. Knowbysight.info. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
- ^ "Центральный комитет, избранный XXIV съездом КПСС 9.4.1971, члены" [Central Committee elected by the XXIV Congress of the CPSU 9.4.1971, members]. Knowbysight.info. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
- ^ "Персональный состав Центрального комитета РСДРП - РСДРП(б) - РКП(б) - ВКП(б) - КПСС" [Composition of the Central Committee of the RSDLP - RSDLP(b) - RCP(b) - VKP(b) - CPSU]. Knowbysight.info. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
Bibliography
- Staff writer (1963). "Directory of Soviet Officials". University of Michigan. Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2022. This reference informs on the composition of the Central Committee elected in 1961 and officeholders of leading party-state organs.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link) - Simons, Williams; White, Stephens, eds. (1984). "Chapter 3: Statute of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union". The Party Statutes of the Communist World. Law in Eastern Europe. Brill Publishers. pp. 413–435. ISBN 9024729750.