Misplaced Pages

32nd century BC

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
(Redirected from 3128 BC) One hundred years, from 3200 BC to 3101 BC
Millennium
4th millennium BC
Centuries
Timelines
State leaders
  • 33rd century BC
  • 32nd century BC
  • 31st century BC
Decades
  • 3190s BC
  • 3180s BC
  • 3170s BC
  • 3160s BC
  • 3150s BC
  • 3140s BC
  • 3130s BC
  • 3120s BC
  • 3110s BC
  • 3100s BC
Categories:
Births – Deaths
Establishments – Disestablishments

The 32nd century BC was a century lasting from the year 3200 BC to 3101 BC.

Events

Excavated dwellings at Skara Brae, Europe's most complete Neolithic village.

Calendar epochs

  • 3114 BC: According to the most widely accepted correlations between the Western calendar and the calendar systems of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, the mythical starting point of the Mesoamerican Long Count calendar cycle occurs in this year. The Long Count calendar, used and refined most notably by the Maya civilization but also attested in some other (earlier) Mesoamerican cultures, consisted of a series of interlocked cycles or periods of day-counts, which mapped out a linear sequence of days from a notional starting point. The system originated sometime in the Mid- to Late Preclassic period of Mesoamerican chronology, during the latter half of the 1st millennium BC. The starting point of the most commonly used highest-order cycle—the b'ak'tun-cycle consisting of thirteen b'ak'tuns of 144,000 days each—was projected back to an earlier, mythical date. This date is equivalent to 11 August 3114 BC in the proleptic Gregorian calendar (or 6 September in the proleptic Julian calendar), using the correlation known as the "Goodman-Martínez-Thompson (GMT) correlation". The GMT-correlation is worked out with the Long Count starting date equivalent to the Julian Day Number (JDN) equal to 584283, and is accepted by most Mayanist scholars as providing the best fit with the ethnohistorical data. Two succeeding dates, the 12th and 13 August (Gregorian) have also been supported, with the 13th (JDN = 584285, the "astronomical" or "Lounsbury" correlation) attracting significant support as according better with astronomical observational data. Although it is still contended which of these three dates forms the actual starting base of the Long Count, the correlation to one of this triad of dates is definitively accepted by almost all contemporary Mayanists. All other earlier or later correlation proposals are now discounted. The end of the thirteenth baktun was either on December 21 or 23 of 2012 (supposed end of the world).
  • 3102 BC: According to Puranic sources, Krishna's death marked the start of Kali Yuga, which is dated to 17/18 February 3102 BCE. Lasting for 432,000 years (1,200 divine years), Kali Yuga began 5,125 years ago and has 426,875 years left as of 2024 CE. Kali Yuga will end in the year 428,899 CE.

Notes

  1. The Bhagavata Purana (1.18.6), Vishnu Purana (5.38.8), Brahmanda Purana (2.3.74.241), Vayu Purana (2.37.422), and Brahma Purana (2.103.8) state that the day Krishna left the earth was the day that the Dvapara Yuga ended and the Kali Yuga began.
  2. Calculations exclude year zero. 1 BCE to 1 CE is one year, not two.

Citations

  1. P. Tallet, D. Laisnay: Iry-Hor et Narmer au Sud-Sinaï (Ouadi 'Ameyra), un complément à la chronologie des expéditios minière égyptiene, in: BIFAO 112 (2012), 381–395, available online
  2. Gasser, Aleksander (March 2003). "World's Oldest Wheel Found in Slovenia". Government Communication Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Archived from the original on 2016-08-26. Retrieved 2015-03-30.
  3. Mark, Joshua J. "Writing". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  4. See Finley (2002), Houston (1989, pp. 49–51), Miller and Taube (1993, pp. 50–52), Schele and Freidel (1990, pp. 430 et seq.), Voss (2006, p.138), Wagner (2006, pp. 281–283). Note that Houston 1989 mistakenly writes "3113 BC" (when "-3113" is meant), and Miller and Taube 1993's mention of "2 August" is a (presumed) erratum.
  5. Miller and Taube (1993, p. 50), Schele and Freidel (1990)
  6. Most commonly used in the Classic period Maya inscriptions; some other Maya calendar inscriptions of this period note even longer cycles, while later Postclassic-era inscriptions in Maya cities of northern Yucatán generally used an abbreviated form known as the Short Count. See Miller and Taube (1993, p. 50); Voss (2006, p. 138).
  7. ^ See survey by Finley (2002).
  8. After a modified proposal championed by Floyd Lounsbury; sources that have used this 584285 correlation include Houston (1989, p. 51), and in particular Schele and Freidel (1990, pp. 430 et seq.). See also commentary by Finley (2002), who although making an assessment that the " is now more popular with Mayanists", expresses a personal preference for the 584283 correlation.
  9. "Skanda I, Ch. 18: Curse of the Brahmana, Sloka 6". Bhagavata Purana. Vol. Part I. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited. 1950. p. 137. On the very day, and at the very moment the Lord left the earth, on that very day this Kali, the source of irreligiousness, (in this world), entered here.
  10. Wilson, H. H. (1895). "Book V, Ch. 38: Arjuna burns the dead, etc., Sloka 8". The Vishnu Purana. S.P.C.K. Press. p. 61. The Parijata tree proceeded to heaven, and on the same day that Hari departed from the earth the dark-bodied Kali age descended.
  11. "Ch. 74, Royal Dynasties, Sloka 241". The Brahmanda Purana. Vol. Part III. Motilal Banarsidass. 1958. p. 950. Kali Yuga began on the day when Krsna passed on to heaven. Understand how it is calculated.
  12. "Ch. 37, Royal Dynasties, Sloka 422". The Vayu Purana. Vol. Part II. Motilal Banarsidass. 1988. p. 824. ISBN 81-208-0455-4. Kali Yuga had started on the very day when Krsna passed away.
  13. "Ch. 103, Episode of Krsna concluded, Sloka 8". Brahma Purana. Vol. Part II. Motilal Banarsidass. 1955. p. 515. It was on the day on which Krishna left the Earth and went to heaven that the Kali age, with time for its body set in.
  14. Matchett, Freda; Yano, Michio (2003). "Part II, Ch. 6: The Puranas / Part III, Ch. 18: Calendar, Astrology, and Astronomy". In Flood, Gavin (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 139–140, 390. ISBN 0631215352.
  15. Burgess 1935, p. 19: The instant at which the Age is made to commence is midnight on the meridian of Ujjayini, at the end of the 588,465th and beginning of the 588,466th day (civil reckoning) of the Julian Period, or between the 17th and 18th of February 1612 J.P., or 3102 B.C.
  16. Godwin, Joscelyn (2011). Atlantis and the Cycles of Time: Prophecies, Traditions, and Occult Revelations. Inner Traditions. pp. 300–301. ISBN 9781594778575.
  17. Merriam-Webster (1999). "Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions". In Doniger, Wendy; Hawley, John Stratton (eds.). Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. pp. 445 (Hinduism), 1159 (Yuga). ISBN 0877790442.
    * HINDUISM: Myths of time and eternity: ... Each yuga is preceded by an intermediate "dawn" and "dusk." The Krita yuga lasts 4,000 god-years, with a dawn and dusk of 400 god-years each, or a total of 4,800 god-years; Treta a total of 3,600 god-years; Dvapara 2,400 god-years; and Kali (the current yuga) 1,200 god-years. A mahayuga thus lasts 12,000 god-years ... Since each god-year lasts 360 human years, a mahayuga is 4,320,000 years long in human time. Two thousand mahayugas form one kalpa (eon) , which is itself but one day in the life of Brahma, whose full life lasts 100 years; the present is the midpoint of his life. Each kalpa is followed by an equally long period of abeyance (pralaya), in which the universe is asleep. Seemingly the universe will come to an end at the end of Brahma's life, but Brahmas too are innumerable, and a new universe is reborn with each new Brahma.
    * YUGA: Each yuga is progressively shorter than the preceding one, corresponding to a decline in the moral and physical state of humanity. Four such yugas (called ... after throws of an Indian game of dice) make up a mahayuga ("great yuga") ... The first yuga (Krita) was an age of perfection, lasting 1,728,000 years. The fourth and most degenerate yuga (Kali) began in 3102 BCE and will last 432,000 years. At the close of the Kali yuga, the world will be destroyed by fire and flood, to be re-created as the cycle resumes. In a partially competing vision of time, Vishnu's 10th and final AVATAR, KALKI, is described as bringing the present cosmic cycle to a close by destroying the evil forces that rule the Kali yuga and ushering in an immediate return to the idyllic Krita yuga.
  18. Gupta, S. V. (2010). "Ch. 1.2.4 Time Measurements". In Hull, Robert; Osgood, Richard M. Jr.; Parisi, Jurgen; Warlimont, Hans (eds.). Units of Measurement: Past, Present and Future. International System of Units. Springer Series in Materials Science: 122. Springer. pp. 6–8. ISBN 9783642007378. Paraphrased: Deva day equals solar year. Deva lifespan (36,000 solar years) equals 100 360-day years, each 12 months. Mahayuga equals 12,000 Deva (divine) years (4,320,000 solar years), and is divided into 10 charnas consisting of four Yugas: Satya Yuga (4 charnas of 1,728,000 solar years), Treta Yuga (3 charnas of 1,296,000 solar years), Dvapara Yuga (2 charnas of 864,000 solar years), and Kali Yuga (1 charna of 432,000 solar years). Manvantara equals 71 Mahayugas (306,720,000 solar years). Kalpa (day of Brahma) equals an Adi Sandhya, 14 Manvantaras, and 14 Sandhya Kalas, where 1st Manvantara preceded by Adi Sandhya and each Manvantara followed by Sandhya Kala, each Sandhya lasting same duration as Satya yuga (1,728,000 solar years), during which the entire earth is submerged in water. Day of Brahma equals 1,000 Mahayugas, the same length for a night of Brahma (Bhagavad-gita 8.17). Brahma lifespan (311.04 trillion solar years) equals 100 360-day years, each 12 months. Parardha is 50 Brahma years and we are in the 2nd half of his life. After 100 years of Brahma, the universe starts with a new Brahma. We are currently in the 28th Kali yuga of the first day of the 51st year of the second Parardha in the reign of the 7th (Vaivasvata) Manu. This is the 51st year of the present Brahma and so about 155 trillion years have elapsed. The current Kali Yuga (Iron Age) began at midnight on 17/18 February 3102 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar.
  19. Godwin 2011, p. 301: The Hindu astronomers agree that the Kali Yuga began at midnight between February 17 and 18, 3102 BCE. Consequently is due to end about 427,000 CE, whereupon a new Golden Age will dawn.

References

Decades and years
32nd century BC
34th century BC ← 33rd century BC ← ↔ → 31st century BC → 30th century BC
3200s BC 3209 BC 3208 BC 3207 BC 3206 BC 3205 BC 3204 BC 3203 BC 3202 BC 3201 BC 3200 BC
3190s BC 3199 BC 3198 BC 3197 BC 3196 BC 3195 BC 3194 BC 3193 BC 3192 BC 3191 BC 3190 BC
3180s BC 3189 BC 3188 BC 3187 BC 3186 BC 3185 BC 3184 BC 3183 BC 3182 BC 3181 BC 3180 BC
3170s BC 3179 BC 3178 BC 3177 BC 3176 BC 3175 BC 3174 BC 3173 BC 3172 BC 3171 BC 3170 BC
3160s BC 3169 BC 3168 BC 3167 BC 3166 BC 3165 BC 3164 BC 3163 BC 3162 BC 3161 BC 3160 BC
3150s BC 3159 BC 3158 BC 3157 BC 3156 BC 3155 BC 3154 BC 3153 BC 3152 BC 3151 BC 3150 BC
3140s BC 3149 BC 3148 BC 3147 BC 3146 BC 3145 BC 3144 BC 3143 BC 3142 BC 3141 BC 3140 BC
3130s BC 3139 BC 3138 BC 3137 BC 3136 BC 3135 BC 3134 BC 3133 BC 3132 BC 3131 BC 3130 BC
3120s BC 3129 BC 3128 BC 3127 BC 3126 BC 3125 BC 3124 BC 3123 BC 3122 BC 3121 BC 3120 BC
3110s BC 3119 BC 3118 BC 3117 BC 3116 BC 3115 BC 3114 BC 3113 BC 3112 BC 3111 BC 3110 BC
3100s BC 3109 BC 3108 BC 3107 BC 3106 BC 3105 BC 3104 BC 3103 BC 3102 BC 3101 BC 3100 BC
3090s BC 3099 BC 3098 BC 3097 BC 3096 BC 3095 BC 3094 BC 3093 BC 3092 BC 3091 BC 3090 BC
Centuries and millennia
Millennium Century
BC (BCE)
4th 40th 39th 38th 37th 36th 35th 34th 33rd 32nd 31st
3rd 30th 29th 28th 27th 26th 25th 24th 23rd 22nd 21st
2nd 20th 19th 18th 17th 16th 15th 14th 13th 12th 11th
1st 10th 9th 8th 7th 6th 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st
AD (CE)
1st 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th
2nd 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th
3rd 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th
Categories: