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AZP S-60
S-60 in an Israeli museum
Type	Autocannon
Place of origin	Soviet Union
Service history
In service	1950–present
Used by	See users
Wars	Bajaur Campaign Vietnam War Laotian Civil War Cambodian Civil War Cambodian–Vietnamese War Six-Day War Yom Kippur War Lebanese Civil War Iran–Iraq War Gulf War Somali Civil War Iraq War Syrian Civil War Yemeni Civil War (2014–present) Second Nagorno-Karabakh War Russo-Ukrainian War numerous others
Production history
Designer	Vasiliy Grabin
Manufacturer	TsAKB
Specifications
Mass	4,660 kg (10,273 lbs)
Length	8.5 m (27 ft 11 in)
Barrel length	4.4 m (14 ft 5 in)
Width	2.054 m (6 ft 9 in)
Height	2.37 m (7 ft 9 in)
Crew	7
Shell	Fixed QF 57×347mmSR
Caliber	57 mm (2.24 in)
Action	Recoil operated
Carriage	Four wheels with outriggers
Elevation	−4° to +85°
Traverse	360°
Rate of fire	105–120 rpm (cyclic) 70 rpm (sustained)
Muzzle velocity	1,000 m/s (3,281 ft/s)
Effective firing range	6,000 m (20,000 ft) (radar guided) 4,000 m (13,000 ft) (optically guided)

AZP S-60 (Russian: Автоматическая зенитная пушка С-60, abbrev. АЗП (AZP); literally: Automatic anti-aircraft gun S-60) is a Soviet towed, road-transportable, short- to medium-range, single-barrel anti-aircraft gun from the 1950s. The gun was extensively used in Warsaw Pact, Middle Eastern and Southeast Asian countries.

History

In the late 1940s, the Soviets started to develop a 57 mm anti-aircraft gun, to replace its 37 mm M1939 guns. Three models were presented, and the winning design was made by V. G. Grabin. According to Western intelligence sources, the German prototype gun 5.5 cm Gerät 58 formed the basis for the design. The Soviets were also able to study earlier German 5 cm FlaK 41 guns that had been captured following the Battle of Stalingrad.

The prototype passed the field tests in 1946 and was accepted into service in 1950, after some minor modifications. The anti-aircraft gun was given the name 57 mm AZP S-60. Grabin continued the development and fielded the SPAAG version ZSU-57-2 in 1955.

The fire direction device was developed from the German Lambda calculator (Kommandogerät 40 [de], 40A, and 40B) and was called PUAZO-5A. It had also a distance measuring device called D-49. The fire direction was also made more effective by including Grom-2 (10 cm wavelength) radars with the AA batteries. The whole system was called SON-9. Later on, the calculators would be changed into the more modern RPK-1 Vaza, which had been designed by M. M. Kositskin. The calculator and the radars were transported by Ural-375 trucks.

The 57 mm gun replaced the 37 mm divisional guns in Soviet service in the 1950s. A divisional anti-aircraft regiment consisted of two AA-batteries with six 57 mm guns each. The PVO air-defence troops AA regiments consisted of four 57 mm AA batteries (totaling 24 guns).

In the mid-1960s, the Soviet divisional anti-aircraft units began replacing their AA artillery with missiles, and by the end of the 1970s, the AA guns had almost disappeared. However, they were used in many other countries. The performance of AAA (anti-aircraft artillery) in Vietnam against low-flying aircraft led the Soviets to bring back many guns from storage to supplement the Surface-to-Air Missiles, whose performance at low altitude was less than satisfactory.

Operational history

The S-60 and its Chinese copy (the Type 59) have seen combat in several wars all over the world – e.g., the Bajaur Campaign, Six-Day War and the Yom Kippur War in the Middle East, and the Soviet–Afghan War. The Afghan People's Army received twenty-four 57 mm guns in 1958, and deployed it during the Bajaur Campaign. During the Vietnam War, the S-60 was the keystone of North Vietnamese low-altitude air defense and was most effective between 460 meters and 1,500 meters.

In Iraq (Iran–Iraq War, Gulf War and Iraq War), the S-60, normally deployed in battalions of 36 guns, served consistently in defense of divisional headquarters and field artillery assets.

Georgian army air defence units used S-60 guns during the Russo-Georgian War. Some units engaged Russian attack aircraft near the city of Gori. None were shot down by S-60 though some were damaged.

Syrian S-60 guns were actively used during the Syrian Civil War by both the army and rebel groups. As many other guns originally designed for antiaircraft use, most of the time they were used in shelling ground targets.

The Islamic State allegedly shot down a Cessna 208 Caravan operated by the Iraqi Air Force near Hawija, Iraq on 16 March 2016 with a truck-mounted S-60.

In 2022, S-60s were used by Ukraine in the war with Russia not in their original anti-aircraft role but as indirect-fire artillery. In this role they were reported to have an effective range of 6.1km.

In 2023, images surfaced of a T-55 armed with an AZP S-60 Anti Aircraft gun in place of its turret. It has been used by the Luhansk People's Republic to shoot at Ukrainian drones and provide infantry with fire support.

Ammunition types

The S-60 fires ammunition in 57×348SR caliber, with ballistics (see below) similar to the longer 57×438mm ammunition of Bofors 57 mm AA gun, but somewhat weaker than Soviet 57 mm anti-tank guns of World War II. Modern anti-aircraft rounds have not been developed for the gun; the main characteristics of the Soviet-era ammunition are listed in the table below. In addition to these People's Republic of China manufactures ammunition in 57x348SR caliber, designated Type 59 HE-T, Type 59 AP-T, and Type 76 HE-T.

Training rounds include a blank round MK-281 ("Manöver-Kartusche", East German designation), and training rounds with -IN suffix (UBR-281U-IN, UOR-281U-IN) identifying the rounds as fuzeless versions of the APCBC and HE rounds with dummy fuzes and inert filling replacing the explosive cavities.

Airburst munitions for Russian 30 mm and 57 mm autocannons are in development.

Versions

• AK-725: Naval version of the S-60 gun. Introduced in 1958. Mounted in single, double and quadruple mounts (designated ZIF-31) on many early Soviet destroyers.
• ZIF-72: Naval version which is enclosed in a metal housing and fully automatic. Also exported to India. Introduced in the mid-1970s.
• MT-LB Mounted Version: Self-propelled version, single 57 mm S-60 gun. Used in 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war. Russian Armed Forces started using this version in Russian invasion of Ukraine.
• ZSU-57-2: Self-propelled version with two 57 mm S-60 guns (designated S-68)
• Type-80: Chinese version of the ZSU-57-2.
• S-60MB: Modernized Polish version, electrically powered, with a digital, automatic guidance system.
• BM-57: Updated version.
  • AU-220M Baikal: Remote weapon station with fire control system using BM-57.

    

Users

The S-60 was sold to at least 37 countries during the Soviet era. The gun was also license manufactured in Poland by Zakłady Mechaniczne Tarnów in Tarnów (en. Tarnów Mechanical Works), and in Hungary by DIMÁVAG in Miskolc-Diósgyőr, and in China as the Type 59.

Current operators

•  Angola
•  Armenia
•  Bangladesh: 34 Type 59 as of 2023
•  Bulgaria
•  Cambodia
•  People's Republic of China: PG-59 variant
•  Republic of the Congo
•  Cuba
•  Czech Republic
•  Egypt: 800 units as of 2023
•  Eritrea: 12 units
•  Ethiopia
•  Guinea: 12 units
•  Guinea-Bissau: 10 units
•  Indonesia: 256 units. 2 units AU-220M on Sampari-class fast attack craft. 14 units AK-725 (ZIF-72) on Kapitan Pattimura-class corvettes. Unknown amount upgraded to use the Rapier's Blindfire radar or the AN/UPS-3 as a fire control radar.
•  Iran: 200 as of 2023
•  Iraq
  •  Kurdistan
•  Kyrgyzstan: 24 units as of 2023
•  Laos
•  Mauritania: 12 units as of 2023
•  Moldova: 11 units as of 2023
•  Mongolia
•  Mozambique: 60 units, 30 in storage as of 2023
•  Namibia
•  North Korea
•  Pakistan: 144 units of Type-59 variant as of 2021
•  Poland: 500 units
•  Romania
•  Russia
•  Sahrawi Republic
•  Sudan: Both S-60 and Type 59 versions
•  Syria
• Free Syrian Army: Used by Syrian Rebels on various trucks chassis
• People's Defense Units (YPG)
•  Thailand: 24 Type 59, it's estimated that only 6 are operational as of 2023
•  Turkmenistan: 22 units as of 2023
•  Ukraine
•  Vietnam
•  Zambia

Former operators

•  Afghanistan: 24 units received in 1958, further 36 units delivered between 1973 and 1978.
•  Albania
•  Algeria: 75 units
•  Bosnia and Herzegovina
•  Belarus
•  Czechoslovakia: 400 units as of 1992. Passed on to successor states.
•  Finland: 12 units. Nicknamed Nikolai.
•  Georgia: Used in the 2008 Russo-Georgian war
•  Hungary: 144 units
•  ISIL: 21 units
•  Israel: Captured units
• People's Republic of Kampuchea
•  Libya: 90 units
•  Morocco: 60 units
•  Mali: 6 units
•  Myanmar
•  Nicaragua
•  Soviet Union: Passed on to successor states
•  Somalia
•  Slovakia
• Transnistria
•  Yemen: 120+ units
•  Yugoslavia: 250 units, passed on to successor states

See also

• M51 Skysweeper served in the same role in the US Army
• List of weapons of the Lebanese Civil War
• Weapons of the Cambodian Civil War
• Weapons of the Laotian Civil War

References

1. "YouTube". Youtube.com.
2. ^ Foss, Christopher (1977). Jane's Pocket Book of Towed Artillery. New York: Collier. p. 243. ISBN 0020806000. OCLC 911907988.
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6. "Islamic State claims Iraqi Cessna shoot-down | IHS Jane's 360". Archived from the original on 2 April 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
7. Kaplan, Michael (16 March 2016). "Did ISIS Shoot Down Iraqi Military Plane? Islamic State Group Claims Anti-Aircraft Attack In Hawija". International Business Times.
8. Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Cessna AC-208B Combat Caravan YI-119 Hawijah". Aviation-safety.net.
9. ""The Come Back Alive foundation has shared footage of vintage AZP S-60 57mm AA guns in use with Ukrainian forces..."". Ukraine Weapons Tracker / Twitter. 7 August 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
10. "The Most Embarrassing Tank Yet Sent to Ukraine -- Hybrid T-55 Mounted with S-60 AA Cannon". YouTube. 19 May 2023.
11. ^ "The Russian Ammunition Page - Home". Russianammo.org.
12. ^ Jane's Ammunition Handbook, 1994
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27. The Military Balance 2021, p. 465.
28. The Military Balance 2021, p. 470.
29. The Military Balance 2021, p. 471.
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34. Military Balance 2016, p. 491.
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48. The Military Balance 2023, pp. 356−357.
49. Mitzer, Stijn; Oliemans, Joost (29 October 2021). "Kurdish Armour: Inventorising YPG Equipment In Northern Syria". Oryx Blog.
50. The Military Balance 2023, p. 295.
51. The Military Balance 2023, p. 200.
52. "Зенітна гармата С-60 у російсько-українській війні". mil.in.ua (in Ukrainian). 28 October 2022.
53. doanhnghiepvn.vn (6 September 2019). "Báo Nga bình luận về pháo phòng không S-60 AZP Việt Nam tự nâng cấp - Doanh nghiệp Việt Nam". Cơ quan ngôn luận của hiệp hội doanh nghiệp nhỏ và vừa Việt Nam (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 12 June 2020.
54. The Military Balance 2023, p. 487.
55. ^ Cullen, Tony; Foss, Christopher F, eds. (1992). Jane's Land-based Air Defence 1992-93 (5 ed.). Jane's Information Group. pp. 257–261. ISBN 978-0710609793.
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57. "Vehicles and equipment captured and destroyed by the Islamic State inside Iraq until November 2014".
58. Ross, Russell, ed. (1987). Cambodia, a Country Study. Area Handbook Series (Third ed.). Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, American University. p. 313. ISBN 978-0160208386.

Bibliography

• International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2016). The Military Balance 2016. Vol. 116. Routlegde. ISBN 978-1-85743-835-2.
• International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2021). The Military Balance 2021. Vol. 121. Routledge. ISBN 9781032012278.
• International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2023). The Military Balance 2023. Routledge, Chapman & Hall, Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-032-50895-5.
• Koll, Christian (2009). Soviet Cannon - A Comprehensive Study of Soviet Arms and Ammunition in Calibres 12.7mm to 57mm. Austria: Koll. p. 467. ISBN 978-3-200-01445-9.

External links

• FAS page on the S-60
• Full technical characteristics (in Russian)
• S-60 57 mm AA Video

• Anti-aircraft guns of the Soviet Union
• 57 mm artillery
• Military equipment introduced in the 1950s