Misplaced Pages

African National Congress Women's League
Abbreviation	ANCWL
President	Sisi Tolashe
Secretary-General	Nokuthula Nqaba
Founded	1948 (1948)
Headquarters	Luthuli House 54 Sauer Street Johannesburg Gauteng
Website
womensleague.anc.org.za

The African National Congress Women's League (ANCWL) is an auxiliary women's political organization of the African National Congress (ANC) of South Africa. This organization has its precedent in the Bantu Women's League, and it oscillated from being the Women's Section to the Women's League from its founding, through the exile years, and in a post-apartheid South Africa. After women were allowed to become members of the ANC in 1943, the ANCWL was created as the means by which Black South African women could contribute to the national liberation struggle by channeling Black women's political activity into the ANC by way of the ANCWL.

From its founding until the present the organization's structure, internal debates, and activity have been influenced by critical events in the national liberation struggle and by the ultimate authority of the ANC. Although the ANCWL was established as a way to incorporate women and their issues into the ANC, there are conflicting accounts over the extent to which women and their issues were represented by this organization, the degree to which organizational autonomy was desired, and the organization's relationship with feminist politics. After the ANC was allowed to return to South Africa in 1990, the ANCWL returned to being a formal organization within the ANC.

The most recent president of the ANCWL was Bathabile Dlamini, who held the office from 2015 until April 2022, when the entire national executive of the league was disbanded by the National Executive Committee of the mainstream ANC.

Bantu Women's League

The Bantu Women's League (BWL) was founded in 1913 by Dr. Charlotte Manye Maxeke as a part of the ANC but without full membership rights. It was founded to give organization to women's issues and to channel women's politics into the ANC's nationalist struggle. The organization operated on the ANC's patriarchal nationalist conception of women's political interests as solely issues that inhibited women in their roles as wives and mothers. A central issue that led to its formation were the attempts by the Orange Free State province to require Black women to carry passes. Passes were documents that were used as a means by which local state authorities and white capitalists could regulate the movement of Black South Africans, most of whom were migrant workers. The pass was seen as a symbol of racist oppression and the Bantu Women's League was built to channel women's militancy in order to protest the passes. Black men had already been required to carry passes. Whites did not have to carry passes.

In 1912, the BWL obtained 5000 Black and Colored women's signatures. The petition was sent to Prime Minister Louis Bothaasking, requesting the repeal of the pass laws. The women received no response. In response and led by Maxeke, the members burned their passes in front of municipal offices while chanting, protest and even fighting with police. Many members were arrested in Jagersfontein, Winburg and Bloemfontein. This militant action by the women resulted in the exclusion of women from the pass laws until 1956 when the South African government attempted to subject women to pass laws again. The mass mobilization of the women caught the ANC by surprise; this high level of political activity continued throughout the interwar period, prompting the ANC to reconsider the role of women in the nationalist struggle. The women made up a powerful political constituency, and the ANC was building a mass base to achieve its goal of national liberation.

History

Early years: 1948–1960

The interwar period was marked by an increase in Black women's mobilization against apartheid. The increase in secondary industry and the reduction of the reserve economy prompted the mass urbanization of women into townships, creating the conditions for a massive wave of resistance in the 1940s and 1950s. In 1943, the ANC decided to allow women to join the organization as full members. In 1948, the ANC created the Women's League, the organization that was to be the home for women members of the ANC and the mechanism through which their politics and participation would be directed. Madie Hall-Xuma became the first president of the auxiliary organization, and the organization was allowed to govern itself within the boundaries set by the ANC.

Almost immediately following the creation of the ANCWL there began debates within the organization about whether the ANCWL should be a more autonomous or decentralized organization for advancing women's politics and position within the nationalist movement and in the future post-apartheid state. In 1945, the Executive Committee of the ANCWL passed a resolution to allow itself to establish branches wherever the ANC already had a presence, indicating a step towards building up a political organization for women in the ANC. This was rejected by the ANC on the grounds that it would be promoting a parallel feminist organization that could foster divisions within the nationalist movement. The tension between feminism and the nationalist movement was a constant struggle that ultimately resulted in a cyclical pattern of "double militancy" for women in the ANC; women had to struggle against the patriarchal notions of women's roles in the ANC's nationalism, struggle for a political space for women, and struggle against critiques or attacks from their mostly male comrades when they tried to seek autonomy for the ANCWL. Despite this, women's own political strength would push against assumed gender roles within the ANC.

The ANC had asked it to help in organizing the 1955 Congress of the people, where the Freedom Charter was adopted. Then secretary-general of the ANC, Oliver Tambo, remarked that the "Women's League is not just an auxiliary to the ANC and we know that we cannot win liberation or build a strong movement without the participation of women." This remark was made coming off of the heels of the ANCWL's large involvement in the Defiance Campaign, which saw women members taking important roles and leading massive actions. Women saw the leverage this gave them and took the opportunity to demand that their demands be incorporated into the charter. On August 9, 1956, league members representing the Federation of South African Women, confronted Prime Minister J. G. Strydom with a petition against pass laws.

The experience of the Defiance Campaign also led to the ANCWL's role in creating the Federation of South African Women (FEDSAW), a parallel organization that the ANC could bring into the national liberation struggle through the ANCWL's key membership and leadership in the federation.

Dormancy: 1960–1990

On March 22, 1960, in the township of Sharpeville, South African police forces opened fire on a demonstration of Black South Africans against the pass laws. 69 people were killed by the police, and riots spread across South Africa in response to the massacre at Sharpeville. The National Party government declared a state of emergency and moved to ban the ANC and the Pan African Congress, among others. While the organization was banned, some members created organizations such as the Federation of Transvaal Women (FEDTRAW), Natal Organisation of Women (NOW) and United Women's Congress (UWCO) in the Western Cape. The ANC itself operated primarily in exile from headquarters in Lusaka, Zambia; the Women's League became dormant, although much of its work was continued by the "Women's Section" of the mainstream ANC, which had multiple branches across different exile states. Leaders of the section included Florence Mophosho and Gertrude Shope. The formal roles of the women in the Women's Section was to act as "social workers" for the members in exile. However, women in exile also took on roles of diplomats, like in the case of Mophosho, or they were able to rethink their politics and incorporate a feminist politics into their nationalist struggle through encounters with feminists in other countries, like the feminists of the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola. This was an important period for ANC women in exile because when they were allowed to return in 1990, they would bring the lessons from these political exchanges into advocating for advancing the status of women in a post-apartheid South Africa and its new constitution.

Revival: 1990–2022

Shope presidency: 1991–1993

Several months after the ANC was unbanned by the apartheid government, the ANCWL was relaunched in Durban on 9 August 1990, the anniversary of the famous 1956 Women's March. In April 1991 the league held its first national conference in several decades in Kimberley and elected Gertrude Shope as ANCWL president. Winnie Madikizela-Mandela also stood for the presidency but was elected in a vote, receiving only 196 votes to Shope's 633; Albertina Sisulu had declined a nomination to stand for the presidency and had reportedly supported Shope's campaign, and she was elected ANCWL deputy president. Baleka Mbete (then known as Baleka Kgositsile) was elected secretary-general.

At the 48th National Conference of the mainstream ANC in July 1991, in a highly charged plenary session, the ANCWL failed to garner the requisite support for its proposal to insert gender quotas into the ANC constitution.

Madikizela-Mandela presidency: 1993–2003

Shope was replaced as president by Madikizela-Mandela in December 1993, at the ANCWL's second national conference; the conference also elected Thandi Modise as deputy president and Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula as secretary-general. Adelaide Tambo was elected treasurer-general.

On 11 February 1995, eleven members of the ANCWL national executive resigned from their positions in protest of Madikizela-Mandela's leadership, vaguely citing undemocratic practices and a lack of accountability. The Mail & Guardian said that treasurer-general Tambo led the walk-out, and the group also included secretary-general Mapisa-Nqakula and former secretary-general Mbete, as well as Ruth Mompati, Nomvula Mokonyane, Mavivi Myakayaka-Manzini, Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, and Lindiwe Zulu. The ANC sent in its own national leadership to attempt to mediate the dispute: the women met with Deputy President Thabo Mbeki and then, reportedly for four hours, with President Nelson Mandela. Upon Madikizela-Mandela's death in 2018, it was still not clear exactly what precipitated the protest; most of the women later rejoined the ANCWL.

At the ANC's 50th National Conference in December 1997, the ANCWL nominated its president, Madikizela-Mandela, for the deputy presidency of the mainstream ANC, but the nomination was invalidated on a technicality. An attempt by the ANCWL to nominate her again, this time from the floor of the conference, also failed. Although Madikizela-Mandela was elected to a second term as ANCWL president at the league's 1997 conference, she was convicted of fraud and theft in April 2003 and resigned from the office. Modise stepped in as acting president.

Mapisa-Nqakula presidency: 2003–2008

In subsequent months, Modise and Mapisa-Nqakula were engaged in a heated contest to succeed Madikizela-Mandela. Manto Tshabalala-Msimang was also nominated for the presidency but declined to stand in the election. At the national conference in August 2003, the ANCWL's fourth since 1990, Mapisa-Nqakula prevailed and was elected ANCWL president, beating Modise by 528 votes. The conference also elected Mavivi Myakayaka-Manzini as deputy president and Bathabile Dlamini as secretary-general.

This leadership complement was viewed as aligned to the incumbent ANC president and national president, Thabo Mbeki. In the fierce campaigning that preceded the mainstream ANC's 52nd National Conference in December 2007, the ANCWL reportedly supported Mbeki's unsuccessful bid for re-election as ANC president, although secretary general Dlamini supported his opponent, Jacob Zuma. The Mail & Guardian reported that Mbeki had secured the league's support by selecting Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma (a provincial leader of the ANCWL in KwaZulu-Natal at that time) as his running mate.

Motshekga presidency: 2008–2015

At the ANCWL national conference in 2008, outgoing secretary-general Dlamini contested with Angie Motshekga for election to the presidency; Motshekga won the vote. Also elected at the conference were Nosiphiwo Mwambi as deputy president, Sisisi Tolashe as secretary-general, Mpai Mogori as deputy secretary-general, and Hlengiwe Mkhize as treasurer. Motshekga remained in the presidency until 2013 – although the league's constitution required it to hold national conferences every five years, the conference was delayed by two years.

Dlamini presidency: 2015–2022

When the next conference was held in Pretoria in August 2015, it hosted a repeat of the 2008 leadership battle; on this occasion, Dlamini won, earning 1,537 votes to Motshekga's 1,081. Sisi Ntombela was elected unopposed as ANCWL deputy president, and Maite Nkoana-Mashabane was elected treasurer, winning in a vote against Edna Molewa. Mookgo Matuba beat Tolashe in a vote to take her post as secretary-general, and Weziwe Tikana was elected Matuba's deputy.

On 1 April, incumbent ANCWL president Dlamini was convicted on perjury charges; there was some controversy within the ANC about whether the mainstream organisation's so-called step-aside rule required Dlamini to step down as ANCWL president following her conviction. Ultimately, later in April, the ANC National Executive Committee announced that, while Dlamini would not be required to "step aside", the entire national executive of the ANCWL would be disbanded because it had exceeded its five-year term. The disbandment ended Dlamini and other national leaders' terms and leadership of the ANCWL was entrusted to an interim task team, pending fresh leadership elections.

Controversy

Criticism

South African artist Ayanda Mabulu once created a painting called The Pornography Power, portraying then-president Jacob Zuma receiving oral sex by an African American women in a circus tent. "Of  late, the organisation has failed time and time again to check misogyny within the ANC and has made shallow attempts at best to check misogyny outside of it."

Alleged North West fraud

The ANCWL in the North West suspended three of its members. The League's Provincial Executive Committee (PEC) placed three of its executive members on leave on January 21, 2022 due to fraud accusations. The accusation was that the three individuals were plotting to illegally take money from the party. The issue allegedly lay with provincial secretary Briget Tlhomelang, who at the time was not the secretary but still accessed the ANC's bank accounts. The suspended chairperson, Fetsang Molosiwa, claimed only the party's executive committee could suspend the three and not the PEC. An investigation was underway in early 2022.

List of leaders

The top national leadership of the ANCWL are elected at regular national conferences; the 12th was held in August 2015.

President

Since the ANCWL was relaunched in 1990, its presidents have been:

• Gertrude Shope (1991–1993)
• Winnie Madikizela-Mandela (1993–2003)
• Thandi Modise (acting, 2003)
• Nosiviwe Mapisa-Ngakula (2003–2008)
• Angie Motshekga (2008–2015)
• Bathabile Dlamini (2015–2022)
• Sisisi Tolashe (2023–present)

Deputy president

• Albertina Sisulu (1991–1993)
• Thandi Modise (1993–2003)
• Mavivi Myakayaka-Manzini (2003–2008)
• Nosiphiwo Mwambi (2008–2015)
• Sisi Ntombela (2015–2022)
• Lungi Mnganga-Gcabashe (2023–present)

Secretary-general

• Baleka Mbete (1991–1993)
• Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula (1993–1995)
• Bathabile Dlamini (1998–2008)
• Sisisi Tolashe (2008–2015)
• Mookgo Matuba (2015–2022)
• Nokuthula Nqaba (2023–present)

Notable persons

In 1956, Lilian Ngoyi became the first elected female member of the ANC National Executive Committee.

Among the activists and politicians who were allied with the ANC during the apartheid decades are:

• Lillian Ngoyi
• Helen Joseph
• Ray Alexander and Rayn Alexander
• Frances Baard
• Rahima Moosa
• Florence Mophosho
• Winnie Madikizela-Mandela
• Ida Mntwana
• Ruth Mompati
• Florence Mophosho
• Madi Gray
• Frene Ginwala
• Yolisa Modise
• Albertina Sisulu
• Dorothy Nyembe

Many of these women were members of the ANCWL or worked with them in organizations like FEDSAW to advance the national liberation struggle.

References

1. ^ Brown, Julian (2 July 2016). "Diversity without Unity: Fragments of the History of the ANC". South African Historical Journal. 68 (3): 464–478. doi:10.1080/02582473.2016.1224269. ISSN 0258-2473. S2CID 151917818.
2. Ginwala, Frene (1990). "Women and the African National Congress 1912-1943". Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity (8): 77–93. doi:10.2307/4065639. ISSN 1013-0950. JSTOR 4065639.
3. ^ Hassim, Shireen (2006). Women's organizations and democracy in South Africa : contesting authority. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-21383-8. OCLC 229432968.
4. ^ Makinana, Andisiwe (30 June 2022). "ANC appoints Baleka Mbete to lead women's league task team, excludes Bathabile Dlamini". Sowetan. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
5. Ginwala, Frene (1990). "Women and the African National Congress 1912-1943". Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity (8): 77–93. doi:10.2307/4065639. ISSN 1013-0950. JSTOR 4065639.
6. Ginwala, Frene (1990). "Women and the African National Congress 1912-1943". Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity (8): 77–93. doi:10.2307/4065639. ISSN 1013-0950. JSTOR 4065639.
7. Lundin, Emma Elinor (4 March 2019). "'Now Is the Time!' The Importance of International Spaces for Women's Activism within the ANC, 1960–1976". Journal of Southern African Studies. 45 (2): 323–340. doi:10.1080/03057070.2019.1605738. ISSN 0305-7070. S2CID 155641665.
8. "The 1913 Women's anti-pass campaign in the Orange Free State | South African History Online". www.sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
9. "The 1913 Women's anti-pass campaign in the Orange Free State | South African History Online". www.sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
10. Ginwala, Frene (1990). "Women and the African National Congress 1912-1943". Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity (8): 77–93. doi:10.2307/4065639. ISSN 1013-0950. JSTOR 4065639.
11. "The 1913 Women's anti-pass campaign in the Orange Free State | South African History Online". www.sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
12. "The 1913 Women's anti-pass campaign in the Orange Free State | South African History Online". www.sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
13. ^ "History of Women's Struggle in South Africa | South African History Online". www.sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
14. Lundin, Emma Elinor (4 March 2019). "'Now Is the Time!' The Importance of International Spaces for Women's Activism within the ANC, 1960–1976". Journal of Southern African Studies. 45 (2): 323–340. doi:10.1080/03057070.2019.1605738. ISSN 0305-7070. S2CID 155641665.
15. Lundin, Emma Elinor (4 March 2019). "'Now Is the Time!' The Importance of International Spaces for Women's Activism within the ANC, 1960–1976". Journal of Southern African Studies. 45 (2): 323–340. doi:10.1080/03057070.2019.1605738. ISSN 0305-7070. S2CID 155641665.
16. "History of Women's Struggle in South Africa". South African History Online. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
17. sahoboss (31 March 2011). "ANC Women's League (ANCWL)". South African History Online. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
18. Lundin, Emma Elinor (4 March 2019). "'Now Is the Time!' The Importance of International Spaces for Women's Activism within the ANC, 1960–1976". Journal of Southern African Studies. 45 (2): 323–340. doi:10.1080/03057070.2019.1605738. ISSN 0305-7070. S2CID 155641665.
19. ^ 'For Freedom and Equality': Celebrating Women in South African History (PDF). South African History Online. 2011. p. 26.
20. Lundin, Emma Elinor (4 March 2019). "'Now Is the Time!' The Importance of International Spaces for Women's Activism within the ANC, 1960–1976". Journal of Southern African Studies. 45 (2): 323–340. doi:10.1080/03057070.2019.1605738. ISSN 0305-7070. S2CID 155641665.
21. ^ "Winnie Mandela's Defeat In ANC Vote Is Hailed". Christian Science Monitor. 30 April 1991. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
22. ^ "Baleka Mbete: a JZ ally who wants a state capture probe". IOL. 22 October 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
23. "The ANCWL needs the kind of leaders who will motivate its members and work to improve the lot of all South Africans". Sowetan. 4 July 2008. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
24. Horn, Pat (1991). "ANC 48th National Conference". Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity (11): 15–18. ISSN 1013-0950. JSTOR 4547966.
25. ^ "Women's League rebels get a lashing from the regions". The Mail & Guardian. 24 February 1995. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
26. ^ "Mandela Can't Persuade ANC Women Not to Quit in Dispute". SFGate. 13 February 1995. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
27. ^ "ANCWL Members Resign". AP News. 12 February 1995. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
28. "ANC women walk out on Winnie". The Independent. 13 February 1995. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
29. ^ "ANC 'intervenes' in Malema ex-ANCWL 'sellout' allegations". The Mail & Guardian. 17 April 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
30. "When Thabo came to Winnie's rescue". The Mail & Guardian. 17 February 1995. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
31. Phakgadi, Pelane (16 April 2018). "'Time not right to discuss why 11 ANCWL members left in #WinnieMandela's tenure'". EWN. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
32. "ANC women nominate Winnie for deputy president". SAPA. 14 September 1997. Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
33. Daley, Suzanne (18 December 1997). "Winnie Mandela Stops Trying to Rekindle Political Career". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
34. "Winnie Mandela ruled out of race for top ANC post". The Independent. 9 December 1997. Archived from the original on 10 December 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
35. ^ "Women's league is non-aligned, says minister". The Mail & Guardian. 15 February 2007. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
36. "Winnie saves face at ANC conference". SAPA. 17 December 1997. Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
37. Lodge, Tom (1998). "The ANC's 50th Conference: A House of Many Mansions?". Southern Africa Report. 13 (2). Archived from the original on 14 July 2014.
38. "After Mandela: Winnie bows out of race for deputy leader". The Independent. 18 December 1997. Archived from the original on 10 December 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
39. "The Nine Lives of Winnie Mandela". SAPA. 23 September 1997. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
40. "Women's league accepts Winnie's sentence". The Mail & Guardian. 26 April 2003. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
41. ^ "Fight is on for Women's League top spot". The Mail & Guardian. 29 August 2003. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
42. ^ wa Sepotokele, Themba (1 September 2003). "League wants equal power for women". IOL. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
43. ^ Terreblanche, Christelle (29 August 2003). "Nosiviwe steps into Winnie's shoes". IOL. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
44. "New Women's League leader announced". The Mail & Guardian. 30 August 2003. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
45. ^ "United they stand?". The Mail & Guardian. 5 September 2003. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
46. ^ "Mbeki's dream team". The Mail & Guardian. 7 November 2007. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
47. ^ "Women's League president elected". IOL. 6 July 2008. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
48. ^ "Bathabile Dlamini elected ANCWL's new president". News24. 8 August 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
49. "ANC rebukes its women's league". The Mail & Guardian. 23 April 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
50. Chabalala, Jeanette (1 April 2022). "ANCWL president Bathabile Dlamini gets 4 years in jail or R200 000 fine, partly suspended". News24. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
51. "Bathabile Dlamini, Derek Hanekom, step-aside: The ANC fightback begins". The Mail & Guardian. 12 April 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
52. "Bathabile Dlamini resists calls to step aside as ANC Women's League president". The Mail & Guardian. 21 February 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
53. Sokutu, Brian (28 April 2022). "Step-aside rule: 'Fine' print saves Bathabile Dlamini's bacon". The Citizen. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
54. ^ Mahlati, Zintle. "Tit-for-tat over suspension of ANC Women's League North West leaders amid fraud allegations". News24. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
55. Lindeque, Mia (6 August 2015). "ANCWL hosts 12th National Conference". EWN. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
56. "Motshekga to lead ANCWL". News24. 6 July 2008. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
57. "Bathabile Dlamini elected new ANCWL president". Sunday Times. 8 August 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
58. "Bathabile Dlamini takes ANC Women's League presidency | eNCA". eNCA. 8 August 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
59. "Bathabile Olive Dlamini, Ms". South African Government. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
60. Lundin, Emma Elinor (4 March 2019). "'Now Is the Time!' The Importance of International Spaces for Women's Activism within the ANC, 1960–1976". Journal of Southern African Studies. 45 (2): 323–340. doi:10.1080/03057070.2019.1605738. ISSN 0305-7070. S2CID 155641665.
61. Lundin, Emma Elinor (4 March 2019). "'Now Is the Time!' The Importance of International Spaces for Women's Activism within the ANC, 1960–1976". Journal of Southern African Studies. 45 (2): 323–340. doi:10.1080/03057070.2019.1605738. ISSN 0305-7070. S2CID 155641665.
62. Ginwala, Frene (1990). "Women and the African National Congress 1912-1943". Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity (8): 77–93. doi:10.2307/4065639. ISSN 1013-0950. JSTOR 4065639.
63. Lundin, Emma Elinor (4 March 2019). "'Now Is the Time!' The Importance of International Spaces for Women's Activism within the ANC, 1960–1976". Journal of Southern African Studies. 45 (2): 323–340. doi:10.1080/03057070.2019.1605738. ISSN 0305-7070. S2CID 155641665.
64. Sandwell, Rachel (2018). "The Travels of Florence Mophosho: The African National Congress and Left Internationalism, 1948–1985". Journal of Women's History. 30 (4): 84–108. doi:10.1353/jowh.2018.0043. ISSN 1527-2036. S2CID 150069948.
65. Lundin, Emma Elinor (4 March 2019). "'Now Is the Time!' The Importance of International Spaces for Women's Activism within the ANC, 1960–1976". Journal of Southern African Studies. 45 (2): 323–340. doi:10.1080/03057070.2019.1605738. ISSN 0305-7070. S2CID 155641665.
66. Lundin, Emma Elinor (4 March 2019). "'Now Is the Time!' The Importance of International Spaces for Women's Activism within the ANC, 1960–1976". Journal of Southern African Studies. 45 (2): 323–340. doi:10.1080/03057070.2019.1605738. ISSN 0305-7070. S2CID 155641665.
67. Lundin, Emma Elinor (4 March 2019). "'Now Is the Time!' The Importance of International Spaces for Women's Activism within the ANC, 1960–1976". Journal of Southern African Studies. 45 (2): 323–340. doi:10.1080/03057070.2019.1605738. ISSN 0305-7070. S2CID 155641665.
68. Lundin, Emma Elinor (4 March 2019). "'Now Is the Time!' The Importance of International Spaces for Women's Activism within the ANC, 1960–1976". Journal of Southern African Studies. 45 (2): 323–340. doi:10.1080/03057070.2019.1605738. ISSN 0305-7070. S2CID 155641665.
69. Lundin, Emma Elinor (4 March 2019). "'Now Is the Time!' The Importance of International Spaces for Women's Activism within the ANC, 1960–1976". Journal of Southern African Studies. 45 (2): 323–340. doi:10.1080/03057070.2019.1605738. ISSN 0305-7070. S2CID 155641665.

External links

• Official website

v t e African National Congress
Leaders President John Langalibalele Dube (1912–1917) Sefako Makgatho (1917–1924) Zacharias Richard Mahabane (1924–1927) Josiah Tshangana Gumede (1927–1930) Pixley ka Isaka Seme (1930–1936) Zacharias Richard Mahabane (1937–1940) Alfred Bitini Xuma (1940–1949) James Moroka (1949–1952) Albert Luthuli (1952–1967) Oliver Tambo (1967–1991) Nelson Mandela (1991–1997) Thabo Mbeki (1997–2007) Jacob Zuma (2007–2017) Cyril Ramaphosa (2017–present) Deputy President Walter Rubusana (1912–1936) Nelson Mandela (1952–1958) Oliver Tambo (1958–1985) Nelson Mandela (1985–1991) Walter Sisulu (1991–1994) Thabo Mbeki (1994–1997) Jacob Zuma (1997–2007) Kgalema Motlanthe (2007–2012) Cyril Ramaphosa (2012–2017) David Mabuza (2017–2022) Paul Mashatile (2022–present) Secretary-General Sol Plaatje (1912–1915) Selope Thema (1915–1917) Saul Msane (1917–1919) Horatio L. Bud-M'belle (1919–1923) TD Mweli Skota (1923–1927) E. J. Khaile (1927–1930) Elijah Mdolomba (1930–1936) James Calata (1936–1949) Walter Sisulu (1949–1955) Oliver Tambo (1955–1958) Duma Nokwe (1958–1969) Alfred Baphethuxolo Nzo (1969–1991) Cyril Ramaphosa (1991–1997) Kgalema Motlanthe (1997–2007) Gwede Mantashe (2007–2017) Ace Magashule (2017–2022) Fikile Mbalula (2022–present)
National Conferences	Morogoro (1969) 48th (1991) 49th (1994) 50th (1997) 51st (2002) 52nd (2007) 53rd (2012) 54th (2017) 55th (2022)
Structure and wings	National Working Committee National Executive Committee Provincial Executive Committees ANC Women's League ANC Youth League ANC Veterans' League Luthuli House ANC Today
History	Defiance Campaign Congress of the People Freedom Charter Rivonia Trial Little Rivonia Trial uMkhonto we Sizwe Radio Freedom Solomon Mahlangu Freedom College Operation Vula Bisho massacre Shell House massacre
Allied organisations	Congress of South African Trade Unions South African Communist Party
Category

v t e Politics of South Africa
By province	Eastern Cape Free State Gauteng KwaZulu-Natal Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Western Cape
Political movements	Ideologies African nationalism Afrikaner nationalism Anarchism Anti-war Black consciousness Environmentalism Federalism Feminism Liberalism Libertarianism Pan-Africanism Non-racialism Trotskyism Political parties see South Africa political parties Other political organisations AfriForum Afrikanerbond Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB) Congress of Traditional Leaders of South Africa (CONTRALESA) Congress of South African Students (COSAS) Earthlife Africa Keep Left Khanya College Koeberg Alert Lesbian and Gay Equality Project (LGEP) People Against Gangsterism and Drugs (PAGAD) South African Liberal Students' Association (SALSA) South African Students Congress (SASCO) South African Wine Initiative Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front (ZACF)
Trade unions and Social movements	see South Africa trade unions Equal Education Mandela Park Backyarders People Against Suffering, Oppression and Poverty (PASSOP) Poor People's Alliance Abahlali baseMjondolo Landless Peoples Movement Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign Reclaim the City Social Justice Coalition Treatment Action Campaign Unemployed Peoples' Movement
Law	see South African law
Political culture	African Renaissance Alternative media Azania Corruption (Don't) touch me on my studio Freedom Charter Proudly South African Rainbow nation Renaming Tenderpreneurs Toyi-toyi Ubuntu UnFreedom Day White monopoly capital Ungovernability Xenophobia Anti-Chinese sentiment Anti-Indian sentiment Slogans "Amandla Ngawethu!" "No Land! No House! No Vote!" "Dubul' ibhunu" (Shoot the Boer) "One Settler, One Bullet" "Each One, Teach One" Books and periodicals African Communist Amandla ANC Today Biko I Write What I Like Long Walk to Freedom Molotov Cocktail No Land! No House! No Vote!
Other	Corrective rape Crime Cape Independence Elections e-tolling Farm attacks Gupta family HIV/AIDS Labour brokering Land occupations Legacies of apartheid Lindela Phala Phala robbery Political assassinations Political repression Protests Sexual violence Shack fires Terrorism Third Force
Category

v t e Political history of South Africa
Defunct polities	Kingdom of Mapungubwe (c. 1075–c. 1220) Dutch Cape Colony (1652–1806) Mthethwa Paramountcy (c. 1780–1817) Ndwandwe Kingdom (c. 1780–1819) Cape Colony (1795–1910) Zulu Kingdom (1816–1897) Natalia Republic (1839–1843) Natal Colony (1843–1910) Orange Free State (1854–1902) South African Republic (1856–1902) Griqualand East (1861–1879) Griqualand West (1870–1873) Goshen (1882–1883) Stellaland (1882–1885) Nieuwe Republiek (1884–1888) Upingtonia (1885–1887) Klein Vrystaat (1886–1891) Orange River Colony (1902–1910) Transvaal Colony (1902–1910) Union of South Africa (1910–1961) Transkei (1976–1994) Bophuthatswana (1977–1994) Venda (1979–1994) Ciskei (1981–1994)
Events	Pre-colonial Bantu migrations Battle of Salt River 1652–1815 Dutch settlement French Huguenot settlement Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars Xhosa Wars Battle of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 1815–1910 Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Boer Republics Transvaal Civil War Mineral Revolution Witwatersrand Gold Rush South African Wars South Africa Act 1909 (National Convention) 1910–1948 South West Africa campaign Maritz rebellion Rand Rebellion Great Depression 1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike Bantustans Apartheid 1948 general election Apartheid legislation Pass laws Internal resistance Coloured-vote constitutional crisis Defiance Campaign Congress of the People Freedom Charter Women's March 1956 1957 Alexandra bus boycott Sharpeville massacre 1960 republic referendum International isolation UN Resolution 1761 UNSC Resolution 591 Academic boycott Disinvestment Constructive engagement Tar Baby Option Sporting boycott Olympics Rugby union Rivonia Trial Durban Moment Border War Israeli alliance Israel–South Africa Agreement Mafeje affair Soweto Uprising Weapons of mass destruction Project Coast Church Street bombing 1983 constitutional referendum Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup d'état Third Force CODESA Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre Bisho massacre 1992 apartheid referendum Saint James Church massacre Bophuthatswana crisis Shell House massacre Post- apartheid 1994 general election Government of National Unity Reconstruction and Development Programme Truth and Reconciliation Commission Arms Deal Floor crossing Soweto bombings African Renaissance Travelgate Xenophobia Attack on Kennedy Road Blikkiesdorp Marikana massacre 2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike Nkandlagate Racism 2014 platinum strike #RhodesMustFall protests #FeesMustFall student protests Tshwane riots 2019 service delivery protests 2019 Johannesburg riots COVID-19 pandemic 2020 Phala Phala Robbery 2021 unrest Lady R incident
Political culture	African nationalism Afrikaner Calvinism Afrikaner nationalism Anarchism Azania Baasskap Boerehaat Black Consciousness Movement Cape Independence Day of the Vow Greater South Africa Honorary whites Rooi gevaar Slavery Swart gevaar Uitlander Volkstaat
Defunct organisations	Civic and political organisations Afrikaner Bond Afrikaner Broederbond Afrikaner Party AITUP APO AVF BPC Black Sash Boerestaat Party CDA CNIP CTEG COD Congress Alliance COSG CP DLF Dominion Party DP (1973–1977) DP (1989–2000) DPP DSM ECC FA FD Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners GNP Het Volk HNP (Herenigde) HNP (Herstigte) IDASA ID IP ISL Jeugkrag Johannesburg Reform Committee Labour Party (1910–1958) Labour Party (1969–1994) Liberal Party (1953–1968) NA NCP Natal Indian Congress NLP NNP NP NPP NRP NUSAS Occupy Orangia Unie Oranjewerkers Orde Boerevolk PAVN PFP Progressive Party (Cape Colony) Progressive Party PRP Radio Freedom Reform Party SABP SADECO SAIC SASO SAYCO SAYRCO South African Party (Cape Colony) South African Party (1911–1934) South African Party (1977–1980) TNIP Torch Commando UFP United Party Unionist Party National Party of Venda Volksparty Workers Party WOSA Trade unions and social movements APF BCM BLATU CNETU CTSWU FCWU FNETU FOSATU ICU IWW MUSA NEUM NURHS PAWE SAAPAWU SACTU SAIF SARHU SATUC Die Spoorbund UDF Umkosi Wezintaba Paramilitary and terrorist organisations APLA ARM AWB BBB Boeremag Greyshirts MK Ossewabrandwag Orde van die Dood PAGAD SANF
Histories of political parties	African National Congress Democratic Alliance Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
Category

• African National Congress
• Civic and political organisations based in Johannesburg
• Women's wings of political parties
• Women's organisations based in South Africa
• 1931 establishments in South Africa