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Vinoba Bhave
Bhave on a 1983 stamp of India
Born	Vinayak Narahari Bhave (1895-09-11)11 September 1895 Gagode, Pen, Bombay Presidency, British India (present-day Maharashtra, India)
Died	15 November 1982(1982-11-15) (aged 87) Pavnar, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
Nationality	•  British India (1895-1947) •  India (1947-1982)
Other names	Acharya
Alma mater	Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Known for	Individual Satyagraha, Bhoodan Movement
Honours	Ramon Magsaysay Award (1958) Bharat Ratna (1983)
Website	vinobabhave.org

Vinayak Narahari Bhave, also known as Vinoba Bhave (pronunciation; 11 September 1895 – 15 November 1982), was an Indian advocate of nonviolence and human rights. Often called Acharya (Teacher in Sanskrit), he is best known for the Bhoodan Movement. He is considered as National Teacher of India and the spiritual successor of Mahatma Gandhi. He was an eminent philosopher. He translated the Bhagavad Gita into the Marathi language by him with the title Geetai (meaning 'Mother Gīta' in Marathi).

Early life and background

Vinayak Narahari Bhave was born on 11 September 1895 in a small village called Gagoji (present-day Gagode Budruk) in Kolaba in the Konkan region of what is now Maharashtra. Vinayaka was the eldest son of Narahari Shambhu Rao and Rukmani Devi. The couple had five children; four sons named Vinayaka (affectionately called Vinya), Balakrishna, Shivaji and Dattatreya, and one daughter. His father was a trained weaver with a modern rationalist outlook and worked in Baroda. Vinayaka was brought up by his grandfather, Shamburao Bhave and was greatly influenced by his mother Rukmini Devi, a religious woman from Karnataka. Vinayaka was highly inspired after reading the Bhagavad Gita, at a very young age.

A report in the newspapers about Gandhi's speech at the newly founded Banaras Hindu University attracted Bhave's attention. In 1916, after reading a newspaper piece by Mahatma Gandhi, Bhave threw his school and college certificates into a fire on his way to Bombay to appear for the intermediate examination. He wrote a letter to Gandhi and after an exchange of letters, Gandhi advised Bhave to come for a personal meeting at Kochrab Ashram in Ahmedabad. Bhave met Gandhi on 7 June 1916 and subsequently abandoned his studies. Bhave participated with a keen interest in the activities at Gandhi's ashram, like teaching, studying, spinning and improving the lives of the community. His involvement with Gandhi's constructive programmes related to Khadi, village industries, new education (Nai Talim), sanitation and hygiene also kept on increasing.

Bhave went to Wardha on 8 April 1921 to take charge of the Ashram as desired by Gandhi. In 1923, he brought out Maharashtra Dharma, a Marathi monthly which had his essays on the Upanishads. Later on, this monthly became a weekly and continued for three years. In 1925, Gandhi sent him to Vaikom, Kerala to supervise the entry of the Harijans to the temple.

Bhave was arrested several times during the 1920s and 1930s and served a five-year jail sentence in the 1940s for leading non-violent resistance to British rule. The jails for Bhave had become the places of reading and writing. He wrote Ishavasyavritti and Sthitaprajna Darshan in jail. He also learnt four South Indian languages and created the script of Lok Nagari at Vellore jail. In the jails, he gave a series of talks on the Bhagavad Gita in Marathi, to his fellow prisoners. Bhave participated in the nationwide civil disobedience periodically conducted against the British and was imprisoned with other nationalists. Despite these many activities, he was not well known to the public. He gained national prominence when Gandhi chose him as the first participant in a new nonviolent campaign in 1940. All were calling him by his short name, Vinoba. Bhave's younger brother Balkrishna was also a Gandhian. Gandhi entrusted him and Manibhai Desai to set up a nature therapy ashram at Urali Kanchan where Balkrishna spent all his life.

Career

Freedom struggle

He was associated with Mahatma Gandhi in the Indian independence movement. He stayed for some time at Gandhi's Sabarmati ashram in a cottage that was named after him, 'Vinoba Kutir'. He gave talks on the Bhagavad Gita in Marathi to his fellow ashramites. These were later published in book form, as Talks on the Gita, and it has been translated into many languages both in India and elsewhere. Bhave felt that the source of these talks was something from above and he believed that its influence would endure even if his other works were forgotten.

In the year 1940, he was chosen by Gandhi to be the first individual Satyagrahi (an individual standing up for Truth instead of a collective action) against the British rule. It is said that Gandhi envied and respected Bhave's celibacy, a vow he made in his adolescence, in fitting with his belief in the Brahmacharya principle. Bhave also participated in the Quit India Movement.

Religious and social work

Bhave's religious outlook was very broad and it synthesized the truths of many religions. This can be seen in one of his hymns "Om Tat Sat" which contains symbols of many religions. His slogan "जय जगत्" (Jay Jagat) i.e. "victory to the world" finds reflection in his views about the world as a whole.

Bhave observed the life of the average Indian living in a village and tried to find solutions for the problems he faced with a firm spiritual foundation. This formed the core of his Sarvodaya movement. Another example of this is the Bhoodan (land gift) movement started at Pochampally on 18 April 1951, after interacting with 80 Harijan families. He walked all across India asking people with land to consider him one of their sons and so gave him one-sixth of their land which he then distributed to the landless poor. Non-violence and compassion is a hallmarks of his philosophy, he also campaigned against the slaughtering of cows.

Bhave said, "I have walked all over India for 13 years. In the backdrop of the enduring perpetuity of my life's work, I have established 6 ashrams."

Brahma Vidya Mandir (BVM)

The Brahma Vidya Mandir was founded in 1959 in Paunar, Maharashtra and is one of the ashrams established by Bhave. It was created for women to become self-sufficient and practice non-violence within the community. They used Gandhi's beliefs, which was heavily influenced by the Bhagavad-Gita, to aid in agricultural practices that were non-violent and produce sustainable food. The community performed prayers as a group every day, reciting from the Isha Upanishad at dawn, the Vishnu Sahasranama at mid-morning, and the Bhagavad-Gita in the evening. As of today, there are around 25 women who are members of the community and several men have also been allowed to join the community.

BVM's existence demonstrates how a self sufficient community can apply non-violence and radical democracy to their own social and geographic context in food production. One mainstream narrative is that large-scale agriculture is "inevitable, necessary, and the sole possibility of feeding the world" and relies on expensive technology. However, BVM rejects this narrative and continues to use Gandhian principles in agriculture such as nonviolence. It is a small community in India and does not hold much influence to promote its beliefs and practices in the mainstream. Most agricultural practices in India has adopted US-style consumerism. BVM is still important as its ideals can help shape agriculture for the better and focus less on profit.

Literary career

Vinoba Bhave was a scholar, thinker, and writer who produced numerous books. He was a translator who made Sanskrit texts accessible to the common man. He was also an orator and linguist with an excellent command of several languages (Marathi, Kannada, Gujarati, Hindi, Urdu, English, and Sanskrit).

Bhave was an innovative social reformer. He called "Kannada" script the "Queen of World Scripts" (Vishwa Lipigala Raani). He wrote brief introductions to, and criticisms of, several religious and philosophical works like the Bhagavad Gita, works of Adi Shankaracharya, the Bible and the Quran. His views of Dnyaneshwar's poetry and works by other Marathi saints are pretty brilliant and a testimony to the breadth of his intellect.

Bhave had translated the Bhagavad Gita into Marathi. He was deeply influenced by the Gita and attempted to imbibe its teachings into his life, often stating that "The Gita is my life's breath".

Vinoba Bhave University, located in Hazaribagh district in the state of Jharkhand, is named after him.

Vinoba Bhave and Land Donation Movement

On 18 April 1951, Bhave started his land donation movement at Pochampally of Nalgonda district Telangana, the Bhoodan Movement. He took donated land from landowner Indians and gave it away to the poor and landless, for them to cultivate. Then after 1954, he started to ask for donations from whole villages in a programme he called Gramdan. He got more than 1000 villages by way of donations. Out of these, he obtained 175 donated villages in Tamil Nadu alone. Noted Gandhian and an atheist Lavanam was the interpreter for Bhave during his land reform movement in Andhra Pradesh and parts of Orissa.

Later life and death

Bhave spent the later part of his life at his Brahma Vidya Mandir ashram in Paunar in Wardha district of Maharashtra. He died on 15 November 1982 after refusing food and medicine for a few days by accepting "Samadhi Maran" / "Santhara" as described in Jainism. Then the Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, who was visiting Moscow to attend the funeral of Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev, cut short her visit to be at the Bhave's funeral.

Criticism

V.S. Naipaul has scathingly criticised Bhave in his collection of essays citing his lack of connection with rationality and excessive imitation of Gandhi. Even some of his admirers find fault with the extent of his devotion to Gandhi. Much more controversial was his support, ranging from covert to open, to the Congress Party's government under Indira Gandhi, which was fast becoming unpopular. He controversially backed the Indian Emergency imposed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, calling it Anushasana Parva (Time for Discipline). Jayaprakash Narayan in his prison diary during the emergency sarcastically wrote about the meaning of Anushasan Parva. Congress party opponents at that time had coined the derogatory term "Sarkari Sant (Government Saint)" to describe him. Noted Marathi writer Pra Ke Atre publicly criticised him and mocked him by writing an article titled "Vanaroba" which is a disambiguation of the name "Vinoba" and means monkey.

Awards and recognition

In 1958 Bhave was the first recipient of the international Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership. He was awarded the Bharat Ratna posthumously in 1983.

Vinoba Bhave, The Man, a documentary film on the social-reformer directed by Vishram Bedekar was released in 1963. It was produced by the Government of India's Films Division. Indian film director Sarvottam Badami had earlier made another documentary on him, Vinoba Bhave, in 1951.

Select bibliography

• — (1957). Bhoodan Yajna: Land-Gifts Mission. Navajivan Publ. House. OCLC 917003189.
• — (1969). The Essence of the Christian Teachings. Sangh. OCLC 916980559.
• — (1972). The Third Power. Sangh. OCLC 916982570.
• — (1973). Swaraj Sastra: The Principles of A Non-Violent Political Order. Sangh. OCLC 916982656.
• — (1977). Democratic Values and the Practice of Citizenship: Selections from the Addresses of Vinoba Bhave, 1951-1960. Sarva Seva Sangh Prakashan. OCLC 312995346.
• — (1977). Dharma Samanvaya (in Hindi). Naī Dillī; Gāṃdhī Śānti Pratiṣṭhāna. OCLC 314472587.
• — (1978). The Essence of the Quran. Sangh. OCLC 916980560.
• — (1982). Talks on the Gita (8th ed.). Sarva-Seva-Sangh-Prakashan. OCLC 20472526.
• — (1982). Women's Power. Sangh. OCLC 916980145.
• — (1985). Thoughts on Education. Sarva Seva Sangh Prakashan. OCLC 311456183.
• — (2006). Moved By Love. Translated by Sykes, Marjorie. P. Cholkar. OCLC 875768248.

See also

• List of peace activists
• Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
• Gandhism
• Lanza del Vasto
• Shakuntala Choudhary

References

1. Umarji, Vinay (13 June 2016), "Know Your Smart City: Gujarat", Business Standard
2. "Geetai". www.vinobabhave.org.
3. Narayanaswamy, K.S. (2000). Acharya Vinoba Bhave – A biography (Immortal Lights series). Bangalore: Sapna Book House. ISBN 9788128017506.
4. Kumarappa B., ed. (1954). Gandhi M. Nature cure (PDF). Navajivan Publishing House.
5. "The Nisargopachar Ashram – Naturopathic Centre Urulikanchan, Pune". aarogya.com.
6. "Desai, Manibhai Bhimbhai". rmaf.org.ph.
7. Mehta, Jayshree; Usha, Thakkar, eds. (2011). Understanding Gandhi : Gandhians in conversation with Fred J. Blum. Los Angeles: Sage Publications. p. 6. ISBN 978-8132105572.
8. Rühe, Peter (2001). Gandhi. Phaidon. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-7148-4103-8.
9. ^ Sanford, A. Whitney (3 April 2013). "Gandhi's Agrarian Legacy: Practicing Food, Justice, and Sustainability in India". Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture. 7 (1): 65–87. doi:10.1558/JSRNC.V7I1.65. S2CID 144900086.
10. "Kannada Language: Check These 7 Amazing Facts About The Queen of Languages!". Jagranjosh.com. 28 April 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
11. Chai, The Masala (3 June 2021). "Kannada Is Known As The 'Queen of World Scripts': Vinoba Bhave". Masala Chai Media. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
12. Minor, Robert (1986). Modern Indian Interpreters of the Bhagavad Gita. State University of NY press. ISBN 978-0-88706-298-8.
13. www.mkgandhi.org
14. Claude Markovits. The Un-Gandhian Gandhi: The Life and Afterlife of Mahatma.
15. "The King of Kindness: Vinoba Bhave and His Nonviolent Revolution". Markshep.com. Archived from the original on 14 January 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
16. Justice, Christopher (1 January 1997). Dying the Good Death: The Pilgrimage to Die in India's Holy City. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-3261-7.
17. Wilson, Boyd H. (1986). "Vinoba Bhave's Talks on the Gita". In Minor, Robert Neil (ed.). Modern Indian Interpreters of the Bhagavadgita. State University of New York Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-88706-297-1. OCLC 751652796.
18. Dandavate, Madhu (2002). Jayaprakash Narayan: struggle with values: a centenary tribute. New Delhi: Allied Publishers. pp. 224–225. ISBN 9788177643411.
19. "1958 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership - Vinoba Bhave". 15 March 2007. Archived from the original on 15 March 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
20. "List of Bharat Ratna Awardees recipients". india.gov.in. accessed January 2010
21. "Vinoba Bhave The Man - Films Division". Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.
22. Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (1999). Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema. British Film Institute. ISBN 9780851706696. Retrieved 12 August 2012.

Further reading

• Vinoba Bhave: The Man and His Mission, by P. D. Tandon. Published by Vora, 1954.
• India's Walking Saint: The Story of Vinoba Bhave, by Hallam Tennyson. Published by Doubleday, 1955.
• Acharya Vinoba Bhave, by Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India, Published by Publications Division, Government of India, 1955.
• India's Social Miracle: The Story of Acharya Vinoba Bhave and His Movement for Social Justice and Cooperation, Along with a Key to America's Future and the Way for Harmony Between Man, Nature, and God, by Daniel P. Hoffman. He is published by Naturegraph Co., 1961.
• Sarvodaya Ideology & Acharya Vinoba Bhave, by V. Narayan Karan Reddy. Published by Andhra Pradesh Sarvodaya Mandal, 1963.
• Vinoba Bhave on self-rule & representative democracy, by Michael W. Sonnleitner. Published by Promilla & Co., 1988. ISBN 978-81-85002-10-1.
• Struggle for Independence : Vinoba Bhave, by Shiri Ram Bakshi. Published by Anmol Publications, 1989.
• Philosophy of Vinoba Bhave: A New Perspective in Gandhian Thought, by Geeta S. Mehta. Published by Himalaya Pub. House, 1995. ISBN 978-81-7493-054-5.
• Vinoba Bhave – Vyakti Ani Vichar (a book in Marathi) by Dr Anant D. Adawadkar, Published by Jayashri Prakashan, Nagpur.
• Vinoba Darshan – a pictorial biography with philosophical views

External links

• Vinoba Bhave's Geetai Audio Book
• Vinoba Bhave's Geetai PDF
• Website to spread the thoughts, philosophy and works of Vinoba Bhave
• The King of Kindness: Vinoba Bhave and His Nonviolent Revolution Archived 2010-01-14 at the Wayback Machine
• Citation for 1958 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership
• Vinoba Bahve – his work on leprosy (with photo 1979)
• A Man on Foot – Time magazine cover page article dated Monday, 11 May 1953

v t e Ramon Magsaysay Award recipients
Government Service (1958–2008)  Cambodia Ek Sonn Chan  China Yuan Longping  India C.D. Deshmukh J. M. Lyngdoh  Indonesia Raden Kodijat Ali Sadikin  Japan Morihiko Hiramatsu Hiroshi Kuroki Yukiharu Miki  Laos Keo Viphakone  Malaysia Mohamed Suffian Mohamed Hashim B. C. Shekhar  Pakistan Akhtar Hameed Khan Ibn Abdur Rehman  Philippines Jose Vasquez Aguilar Francisca Reyes-Aquino Hilario Davide Jr. Grace Padaca Jesse Robredo Jovito R. Salonga Miriam Defensor Santiago Haydee Yorac  Singapore Goh Keng Swee  Thailand Anand Panyarachun Chamlong Srimuang Jon Ungphakorn Phon Sangsingkeo Prawase Wasi Puey Ungpakorn  Taiwan Shih-chu Hsu Li Kwoh-ting Jiang Menglin
Public Service (1958–2008)  Burma Tee Tee Luce  Ceylon Mary H. Rutnam  China Gao Yaojie Jiang Yanyong Liang Congjie Wu Qing  India Baba Amte Banoo Jehangir Coyaji Manibhai Desai Jayaprakash Narayan V. Shanta  Indonesia H.B. Jassin Teten Masduki  Pakistan Ruth Pfau  Philippines Pedro Orata Center for Agriculture and Rural Development Mutually Reinforcing Institutions (CARD MRI)  South Korea Kim Sun-tae Park Won-soon  Spain based in  Philippines Joaquin Villalonga  Thailand Fua Hariphitak Mechai Viravaidya Nilawan Pintong Phra Parnchand Prateep Ungsongtham Hata Sirindhorn Sithiporn Kridakara Sophon Suphapong Therdchai Jivacate Thongbai Thongpao
Community Leadership (1958–2008)  Bangladesh Tahrunessa Abdullah Fazle Hasan Abed Muhammad Yunus Zafrullah Chowdhury Mohammed Yeasin Angela Gomes  Burma Cynthia Maung  India Mandakini Amte & Prakash Amte Mabelle Arole & Rajanikant Arole Pandurang Shastri Athavale Chandi Prasad Bhatt Ela Bhatt Vinoba Bhave Aruna Roy Shantha Sinha Rajendra Singh  Japan Fusaye Ichikawa  Laos Sombath Somphone  Malaysia Tunku Abdul Rahman    Nepal Mahabir Pun  Philippines Gawad Kalinga Community Development Foundation Antonio Meloto  Thailand Aree Valyasevi Krasae Chanawongse Prayong Ronnarong  Tibet 14th Dalai Lama
Journalism, Literature, and the Creative Communication Arts (1958–2008)  Bangladesh Matiur Rahman Abdullah Abu Sayeed  Burma Edward Michael Law-Yone  Ceylon or  Sri Lanka Wannakuwatta Amaradeva Tarzie Vittachi  India Mahasweta Devi Palagummi Sainath Amitabha Chowdhury  Indonesia Atmakusuma Astraatmadja Mochtar Lubis  Japan Akira Kurosawa Yasuji Hanamori Michiko Ishimure Akio Ishii    Nepal Bharat Koirala  Philippines Zacarias Sarian F. Sionil José Lino Brocka Radio Veritas James Reuter Bienvenido Lumbera Nick Joaquin Raul Locsin Eugenia Duran Apostol Sheila Coronel  Thailand Prayoon Chanyavongs  Great Britain based in  Philippines Robert McCulloch Dick
Peace and International Understanding (1958–2008)  China Tang Xiyang  India Mother Teresa Jockin Arputham Laxminarayan Ramdas  Indonesia Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif  Japan Ikuo Hirayama Tetsu Nakamura Saburo Okita Seiei Toyama    Nepal Sanduk Ruit  Pakistan Ibn Abdur Rehman  Philippines Operation Brotherhood Summer Institute of Linguistics William Masterson Harold Ray Watson International Institute of Rural Reconstruction Press Foundation of Asia Asian Institute of Management Corazon Aquino  South Korea Pomnyun Sunim  Thailand Asian Institute of Technology The Royal Project  United States based in  Thailand Genevieve Caulfield
Emergent Leadership (2001–)  Burma Ka Hsaw Wa  China Chen Guangcheng  Cambodia Oung Chanthol  India Sanjiv Chaturvedi Arvind Kejriwal Nileema Mishra Sandeep Pandey  Indonesia Ambrosius Ruwindrijarto Dita Indah Sari  Philippines Benjamin Abadiano  South Korea Yoon Hye-ran  Sri Lanka Ananda Galappatti  East Timor Aniceto Guterres Lopes  United States based in  Hong Kong Chung To
Uncategorized (2009–)  Bangladesh Syeda Rizwana Hasan A.H.M. Noman Khan  Cambodia Yang Saing Koma Koul Panha  China Fu Qiping Huo Daishan Ma Jun Pan Yue Yu Xiaogang  India Kulandei Francis Harish Hande Deep Joshi  Indonesia Hasanain Juaini Tri Mumpuni  Japan Tadatoshi Akiba  Philippines Alternative Indigenous Development Foundation, Inc. (AIDFI) Christopher Bernido Ma. Victoria Carpio-Bernido Romulo Davide Antonio Oposa Jr.  Taiwan Chen Shu-chu  Thailand Krisana Kraisintu

• 1895 births
• 1982 deaths
• Indian religious writers
• Marathi-language writers
• 20th-century Indian philosophers
• Indian independence activists from Maharashtra
• Indian independence activists
• Ramon Magsaysay Award winners
• Recipients of the Bharat Ratna
• Indian nonviolence advocates
• Gandhians
• People from Raigad district
• 20th-century Indian translators
• Sanskrit writers
• 20th-century Indian educators
• Indian male writers
• Writers from Maharashtra
• Indian political writers
• 20th-century Indian non-fiction writers
• Translators of the Bhagavad Gita
• Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda alumni