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Acropora cytherea
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Cnidaria
Class:	Hexacorallia
Order:	Scleractinia
Family:	Acroporidae
Genus:	Acropora
Species:	A. cytherea
Binomial name
Acropora cytherea (Dana, 1846)
Synonyms
List Acropora arcuata (Brook, 1892) Acropora armata (Brook, 1892) Acropora corymbosa (Lamarck, 1816) Acropora cytherella Verrill, 1902 Acropora efflorescens (Dana, 1846) Acropora reticulata (Brook, 1892) Acropora symmetrica (Brook, 1891) Madrepora arcuata Brook, 1892 Madrepora armata Brook, 1892 Madrepora candelabrum Studer, 1877 Madrepora corymbosa Lamarck, 1816 Madrepora cytherea Dana, 1846 Madrepora efflorescens Dana, 1846 Madrepora reticulata Brook, 1892 Madrepora symettrica Brook, 1891

Acropora cytherea is a stony coral which forms horizontal table like structures. It occurs in the Indo-Pacific Ocean in areas with little wave action, favouring back reef environments from 3 to 20 m (10 to 66 ft) depth.

Description

Acropora cytherea is a colonial species of coral that grows in large horizontal plates. These are formed of many tiny branchlets growing vertically or at an angle and others growing horizontally to extend the colony. They may branch and link together and near the centre the plates may become a solid mass of joined branchlets. The surface of the coral is covered by a thin layer of living tissue. This has a rough surface and contains zooxanthella, symbiotic, unicellular, photosynthetic algae. These give the coral its cream or pale brown colour (occasionally pale blue). The calcium carbonate skeleton is secreted by many small polyps which are joined together through an interconnecting network of channels inside the skeleton. At night, and sometimes during the day, the polyps protrude from the skeleton and extend their tentacles to feed. At other times, they contract back into the safety of the skeleton. In older specimens, particularly those exceeding 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) in diameter, the regular structure sometimes breaks down near the centre and there are growth anomalies. It has been found that these are not deleterious to the survival of the coral and may be caused by stress factors such as raised sea temperatures.

Distribution and habitat

Acropora cytherea is one of the most plentiful members of the genus Acropora. It is found in the Indo-Pacific Ocean from the Red Sea and the east coast of Africa to India, the China Sea, Japan, Australia, Micronesia and Hawaii. It is found below low tide mark in clear shallow water with little wave action, in lagoons and upper reef slopes and back reef slopes.

Ecology

Several small crabs are obligate associates of corals, feeding on coral tissues but protecting the coral from attack by predators such as the crown-of-thorns starfish. One of these, Cymo melanodactylus, lives in association with Acropora cytherea but its low numbers (fewer than three per coral) mean that its host suffers little harm. In the Chagos Archipelago these crabs have shown a change in their behaviour and have been found in large numbers infesting diseased and dying corals. In 2010 in the Archipelago, infestations of over 45 of these crabs were found on individual heads of A. cytherea exhibiting dead and dying tissue. The crabs were in close proximity to the damaged tissues but it was unclear whether the crabs were the original cause of the damage or whether they had moved in to exploit the already dying tissues.

Status

Acropora cytherea is considered by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species to be of "Least concern". This is because it has a wide range and in many locations it is one of the more abundant reef building species. One of the threats it faces is from the voracious crown-of-thorns starfish which has become more abundant in the Pacific and Indian Oceans since about 1970 and has periodical breakouts when its numbers increase dramatically. Apart from predators, corals in general are at risk from rising sea temperatures, violent storms, ocean acidification, bleaching and coral diseases.

References

1. ^ Richards, Z.; Delbeek, J.C.; Lovell, E.; Bass, D.; Aeby, G.; Reboton, C. (2008). "Acropora cytherea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T133313A3684008. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T133313A3684008.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
2. ^ van der Land, Jacob (2012). "Acropora cytherea (Dana, 1846)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2013-01-16.
3. "Acropora cytherea". Corals of the World. Australian Institute of Marine Science. 2011. Retrieved 2013-01-18.
4. Dorit, R. L.; Walker, W. F.; Barnes, R. D. (1991). Zoology. Saunders College Publishing. pp. 611–612. ISBN 978-0-03-030504-7.
5. Irikawa, A.; Casareto, B. E.; Suzuki. Y.; Agostini, S.; Hidaka, M.; van Woesik, R. (2011). "Growth anomalies on Acropora cytherea corals". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 62 (8): 1702–1707. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.033. PMID 21704344.
6. Pratchett, M. S.; Graham, N. A. J.; Sheppard, Charles R. C.; Mayes, B. (2010). "Are infestations of Cymo melanodactylus killing Acropora cytherea in the Chagos archipelago?". Coral Reefs. 29 (4): 941. doi:10.1007/s00338-010-0654-x. ISSN 0722-4028.

v t e Corals and coral reefs
Hexacorallia	Black Brain Elegance Hermatypic Chalice Pillar Table Elkhorn Staghorn †Rugose †Tabulate
Octocorallia	Bamboo Blue Organ pipe Sea fans Sea pens
Coral reefs	Atoll Cay Coral Deep-water coral mesophotic coral reef Fringing Microatoll Coral reef fish Census of Coral Reefs The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs Catlin Seaview Survey Spur and groove formation
Coral regions	List of reefs African coral reefs Amazon Reef Andros, Bahamas Apo Reef Baa Atoll Belize Barrier Reef Coral Sea Islands Coral Triangle East African coral coast Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Great Barrier Reef India Jamaica Kiribati Lakshadweep Maldives Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System New Caledonia barrier reef Ningaloo Reef Non-tropical regions Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Pulley Ridge Raja Ampat Islands Red Sea Solomon Archipelago Southeast Asian coral reefs Tuvalu Archipelago Virgin Islands Yabiji
Coral diseases	Coral bleaching Black band disease Skeletal eroding band Stony coral tissue loss disease White band disease White pox disease
Conservation	Environmental issues with coral reefs Coral reef protection Coral reef restoration Reef resilience Organizations Coral Reef Alliance Green Fins International Coral Reef Society Project AWARE Reef Ball Reef Check
Symbiotic algae	Zooxanthellae Amphidinium Symbiodinium
Other	Artificial reef Aquaculture of coral Coral dermatitis Precious coral Coral rag Coral sand Coralline algae Deep-water coral Fire coral

• IUCN Red List least concern species
• Acropora
• Cnidarians of the Indian Ocean
• Cnidarians of the Pacific Ocean
• Marine fauna of Africa
• Marine fauna of Asia
• Marine fauna of Oceania
• Anthozoa of Australia
• Corals described in 1846