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Actor Ichikawa Ebijūrō as Samurai

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Actor Ichikawa Ebijūrō as Samurai
Actor Ichikawa Ebijūrō as Samurai (Shunjosai Hokuchō)
ArtistShunshosai Hokuchō
Year1823
Typenishiki-e woodblock print, ink and color on paper
Dimensions37.3 cm × 26.2 cm (14 11/16 in × 10 5/16 in)
Conditionon display (November 2013- )
LocationRoyal Ontario Museum, Toronto
Accession974.343.4

Actor Ichikawa Ebijūrō as Samurai is an ukiyo-e Japanese woodblock print by Osaka-based late Edo period print designer Shunshosai Hokuchō (春曙斎 北頂) (fl. c. 1822-1830). The print depicts a scene from a kabuki play featuring Osaka actor Ichikawa Ebijūrō (市川蝦十郎) in the role of a samurai. One impression of the print belongs to the permanent collection of the Prince Takamado Gallery of Japanese Art in the Royal Ontario Museum, Canada.

Print details

  • Medium: kamigata nishiki-e (上方錦絵) woodblock print; ink and colour on paper
  • Size: ōban tate-e (大判竪絵)
  • Format: ichimai-e (一枚絵) single sheet print
  • Genre: kabuki-e (歌舞伎絵), yakusha-e (役者絵) actor print
  • Japanese title: 「判官代輝国」「市川蝦十郎」
  • Exhibit title: Actor Ichikawa Ebijūrō as Samurai
  • Date: 3rd month of 1823
  • Signature: Shunsho ga
  • Publishers' marks: Tenki (Tenmaya Kihei), Yamaichi
  • Censor seal: none
  • Date seal: none
  • Credit line: none

Artist

Shunshosai Hokuchō (春曙斎 北頂) (fl. 1822–1830) was a Japanese ukiyo-e designer in Osaka. He was a member of the Shunkōsai Fukushū school, and a student of Shunkōsai Hokushū (春好斎北洲). He used the gō art names Shunsho (春曙) (1822–1824), Hokuchō (北頂) (1824-1830), Inoue Shunshosai (井上春曙斎). He was not very prolific, and all of his few surviving images are yakusha-e kabuki actor portraits.

Shunshosai Hokuchō signature

Medium and genre

Hokuchō's works are categorized as kamigata-e (上方絵), a term used to distinguish prints produced in the Kamigata area (Kyoto and Osaka) from those produced in Edo. Kamigata-e were mainly kabuki-e (歌舞伎絵) images of kabuki actors, and were produced almost exclusively by amateur "talented kabuki fans" promoting their favourite actors.

Publisher

Yamaichi and Tenki hanmoto seals

The print displays two publisher seals. On the right is the mark of Kinkadō (金華堂) or Tenmaya Kihei (天満屋喜兵衛), commonly known as Tenki (天喜/天キ). The firm operated in Osaka from 1816 into the 1850s, and published works by Gigadō Ashiyuki, Konishi Hirosada, Shunbaisai Hokuei, Sadamasu and Ryusai Shigeharu among others. Tenki used various hanmoto (版元) publisher seals. This version features the kanji character 天 (ten) followed by the katakana character キ (ki) within a rectangle.

On the left, is one of at least three variants of the hanmoto used by Yamaichi (山市), which, between 1822 and 1824, produced images by artists such as Ashiyuki Gigadō, Hokushū, Kunihiro and Shibakuni. The seal on this print is the kanji character 市 (ichi) under a stylized double mountain (pron. yama).

Subject

Ichikawa Ebijūrō I

The inscription to the right of the figure names him as actor Ichikawa Ebijūrō in the role of Hangandai Terukuni . The date of the print indicates that this is Ebijūrō I (c. 1777–1827), the first of seven generations of actors whose line ended in 1929.

Born in Osaka, Ebijūrō I was a tachiyaku (立役) (male role) and jitsuaku (実悪) (villain role) performer who appeared on the Osaka, Kyoto and Edo stages. He is noted for performing up to seven roles within a single play, as well as for impressive tachimawari (立回り) fight scenes and hayagawari (早替り) costume changes.

Stage names Ichikawa Ichizō I (c. 1808–1814) Ichinokawa Ichizō (1815) Ichikawa Ebijūrō I (1815–1827)
Poetry names Shikaku Shinshō
Guild name Harikaya
Mentors Ichikawa Danzō IV Ichikawa Danjūrō VII
Disciples Ichikawa Ebijūrō II Ichikawa Ebijūrō III
Artist portraits Utagawa Toyokuni (1814, 1820) Shunkōsai Hokushū (1816, 1820) Utagawa Kunihiro (1817)

Sugawara Denju Tenarai Kagami

The print depicts a scene from the jidaimono (時代物) history play Sugawara Denju Tenarai Kagami (菅原伝授手習鑑) (The Secrets of Calligraphy), "one of the 3 great masterpieces of Gidayū-kyōgen" (義太夫狂言). Originally written in 1746 for the ningyō jōruri (人形浄瑠璃) puppet theatre by Takeda Izumo I, Miyoshi Shōraku, Namiki Senryū I and Takeda Izumo II, it was first staged for kabuki the following year. The five-act play centres on Sugawara no Michizane (菅原道真), a tragic hero from the Heian period. Hangandai Terukuni is a minor character who acts as Sugawara's escort and as a representative of the retired Emperor Uda. Hokuchō's print commemorates a performance of the play at Osaka's Kado no Shibai theatre in the third month of 1823.

Image

Ebijūrō is captured in a dramatic mie pose. He stands barefoot, feet planted wide apart, body bent forward at the waist. With a serious expression, he stares into the distance with his body angled in three quarter profile to the right. He appears to have been startled into a defensive pose. His right hand is raised above his head, and in the top-right corner of the image is a harisen (ハリセン)-type fan in mid-flight subsequent to having been tossed into the air. His left hand grips the sheath of one of the two swords on his left side, the customary position for samurai.

He wears a dark outer-kimono from which his arms have been removed to increase his mobility. On the upper half of the kimono hanging down below his waist is the character "輝", which starts the name Terukuni (輝国)". His yellow under-kimono is patterned with butterflies or moths. His hair is arranged in a chonmage top-knot, and the string visible around his head indicates that his eboshi hat has been knocked back.

The print's background is completely blank and coloured yellow, which was a particularly common choice for Hokuchō.

Inscription

Along the right side of the print is an inscription written in a style of Japanese calligraphy known as cursive script. sōsho (草書), which translates literally as 'grass writing', is a highly stylized form of writing which is typically difficult for those not specifically trained to decipher. Hokuchō's inscription appears as five vertical columns at various heights containing two or three kanji or hiragana characters each. It is read from top to bottom, right to left. A partial transcription is as follows:

  • 風 侍　や　（kazezamurai ya）
  • 　　志　?　? (kokorozashi ? ?)
  • 　　　　疎　? (utou ?)
  • ? 役　目　（? yakume）
  • ?　升 (? masu)

Copies in other collections

Versions of this print belong to the permanent collections of the following institutions:

Related images

Hangandai Terukuni is a popular subject in late Edo period ukiyo-e. He appears in many prints including:

See also

Notes

  1. Although the ROM identifies the print's artist as Shunjosai the label should in fact read Shunshosai.
  2. In 1839–1840 (Tenpō 10–11) Hokuchō contributed— as Inoue Shunshosai— illustrations to 3 woodblock print books: Kyoto Meishoki (京都名所記), Shūchū Miyako Meishoki (袖中都名所記) and Ehon Otowayama Hana no Shin (絵本音羽山花の賑) (Waseda University Library). Almost all bibliographies, however, date the end of his activity to the early 1830s.
  3. Keyes and Mizushima 1973, 223
  4. Inoue 1931, 180
  5. JAANUS, "Kamigata-e"
  6. Kitagawa 2005, 230
  7. Keyes and Mizushima 1973, 311
  8. Vegder
  9. Vegder
  10. Vegder
  11. Shōriya "Ichikawa Ebijūrō"
  12. All data taken from Shōriya "Ichikawa Ebijūrō I"
  13. Japan Arts Council 2007
  14. Gidayū kyōgen: "Drama originally written for the puppet theater (ningyō jōruri, commonly called Bunraku) and adapted to Kabuki" (Shōriya "Glossary D-G").
  15. Shōriya "Sugawara Denju Tenarai Kagami"
  16. Kodansha International
  17. Brazell 1998, 97
  18. Brazell 1998, 102
  19. Kitagawa 2006, 93
  20. West & Seal
  21. Lyon 2013

External links

References

  • Brazell, Karen (1998), Traditional Japanese Theater: An Anthology of Plays, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0231108737
  • Inoue, Kazuo (1931), 浮世絵師伝 , Watanabe Hangaten
  • JAANUS, Kamigata-e, Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System, retrieved July 31, 2014
  • Keyes, Roger S.; Mizushima, Keiko (1973), The Theatrical World of Osaka Prints, Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, ASIN B000XY6OEY
  • Kitagawa, Hiroko (2005), "Kamigata-e: The Prints of Osaka and Kyoto", in Newland, Amy Reigle (ed.), The Hotei Encyclopedia of Japanese Woodblock Prints, vol. 1, Amsterdam: Hotei, pp. 229–232, ISBN 978-9074822657
  • Newland, Amy Reigle (2005), The Hotei Encyclopedia of Japanese Woodblock Prints, vol. 2, Amsterdam: Hotei, ISBN 978-9074822657
  • Shōriya, Aragorō (2013), Glossary D-G, Kabuki 21, retrieved August 8, 2014
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