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Acyl-protein thioesterase

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Enzymes that cleave off lipid modifications on proteins
Crystal structure of human APT1, PDB code 1fj2. Alpha helices are in red, beta strands in gold, catalytic site residues in black. The 2 different monomers of the dimer are shaded in green and brown.
Identifiers
SymbolAcyl-protein thioesterases (APTs)
PfamPF02230
InterProIPR029058
Available protein structures:
Pfam  structures / ECOD  
PDBRCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsumstructure summary

Acyl-protein thioesterases are enzymes that cleave off lipid modifications on proteins, located on the sulfur atom of cysteine residues linked via a thioester bond. Acyl-protein thioesterases are part of the α/β hydrolase superfamily of proteins and have a conserved catalytic triad. For that reason, acyl-protein thioesterases are also able to hydrolyze oxygen-linked ester bonds.

Function

Acyl-protein thioesterases are involved in the depalmitoylation of proteins, meaning they cleave off palmitoyl modifications on proteins' cysteine residues. Cellular targets include trimeric G-alpha proteins, ion channels and GAP-43. Moreover, human acyl-protein thioesterases 1 and 2 have been identified as major components in controlling the palmitoylation cycle of the oncogene Ras. Depalmitoylation of Ras by acyl-protein thioesterases potentially reduces Ras' affinity to endomembranes, allowing it to be palmitoylated again at the Golgi apparatus and to be directed to the plasma membrane. Acyl-protein thioesterases, therefore, are thought to correct potential mislocalization of Ras.

Known enzymes

Acyl-protein thioesterase 1
Identifiers
SymbolLYPA1
Alt. symbolsAPT1
HGNC6737
OMIM605599
PDB5SYM
RefSeqNP_001266285.1
UniProtO75608
Other data
EC number3.1.2.-
Search for
StructuresSwiss-model
DomainsInterPro
Acyl-protein thioesterase 2
Identifiers
SymbolLYPA2
Alt. symbolsAPT2
HGNC6738
OMIM616143
PDB5SYN
RefSeqNC_000001.11
UniProtO95372
Other data
EC number3.1.2.-
Search for
StructuresSwiss-model
DomainsInterPro

Currently fully validated human acyl-protein thioesterases are APT1 and APT2 which share 66% sequence homology. Additionally there are a handful of putative acyl-protein thioesterases reported, including the ABHD17 enzyme family. In the lysosome, PPT1 of the palmitoyl protein thioesterase family has similar enzymatic activity as acyl-protein thioesterases.

Structure

Active site, hydrophobic tunnel and lid-loop of acyl-protein thioesterases.

Acyl-protein thioesterases feature 3 major structural components that determine protein function and substrate processing: 1. A conserved, classical catalytic triad to break ester and thioester bonds; 2. A long hydrophobic substrate tunnel to accommodate the palmitoyl moiety, as identified in the crystal structures of human acyl-protein thioesterase 1, human acyl-protein thioesterase 2 and Zea mays acyl-protein thioesterase 2; 3. A lid-loop that covers the catalytic site, is highly flexible and is a main factor determining the enzyme's product release rate.

Mechanism of how acyl-protein thioesterases release their product by using a flexible lid-loop covering the substrate binding tunnel. Nature Communications 8(1):2201, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Inhibition

The involvement in controlling the localization of the oncogene Ras has made acyl-protein thioesterases potential cancer drug targets. Inhibition of acyl-protein thioesterases is believed to increase mislocalization of Ras at the cell's membranes, eventually leading to a collapse of the Ras cycle. Inhibitors for acyl-protein thioesterases have been specifically targeting the hydrophobic substrate tunnel, the catalytic site serine or both.

Research

Current approaches to study the biological activity of Acyl-protein Thioesterases include proteomics, monitoring the trafficking of microinjected fluorescent substrates, the use of cell-permeable substrate mimetics, and cell permeable small molecule fluorescent chemical tools.

References

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