Adur-Anahid (Middle Persian: 𐭠𐭲𐭲𐭲𐭲 𐭦𐭩 𐭲𐭲𐭲𐭲𐭩𐭲) was a high-ranking 3rd-century Iranian noblewoman from the royal Sasanian family, who wielded the title of Queen of Queens (banbishnan banbishn). She was a daughter of the second Sasanian King of Kings of Iran, Shapur I (r. 240–270).
Name
Her name is most likely a combination of adur ("fire") and the name of the Iranian goddess, Anahita. Originally thought to mean "Fire of Anahita", her name is now agreed to mean "Fire and Anahita".
Biography
Adur-Anahid was a daughter of the second Sasanian King of Kings of Iran, Shapur I (r. 240–270). She is mentioned twice in an inscription on the wall of the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht at Naqsh-e Rostam near Persepolis in southern Iran, which Shapur I had created in c. 262. In the first paragraph, Shapur I claims to have ordered the establishment of fires for his daughter Adur-Anahid and three of his sons, Hormizd, Shapur, and Narseh. The fire established for Adur-Anahid was named Husraw-Adur-Anahid. In the second paragraph, Shapur I claims to have rewarded Adur-Anahid, along with princes and other high-ranking members of the court by ordering sacrifices in their names. Adur-Anahid is mentioned with the title of Queen of Queens (banbishnan banbishn) in the inscription.
The German Iranologist Walther Hinz has suggested that Adur-Anahid was the spouse of her father Shapur I, demonstrating the practice in Zoroastrianism of khwedodah, or close-kin marriage. However, this is opposed by other scholars, who have deduced that the title of members of the royal family illustrated their social status rather than family status. The title of "Queen" was wielded by all women of the royal Sasanian family, including the king's daughters and sisters, and the spouses of Sasanian princes. The title of Adur-Anahid thus demonstrated her status as the highest ranking woman in the court. There is no suggestion that she practiced kwedodah with her father. According to the modern historian Maria Brosius, "Analysis of the written evidence for the Sasanian period does not permit the conclusion that the Sasanian kings favored incestuous marriages."
Notes
- Adur-Anahid also had two other siblings named Shapurdukhtak and Bahram.
References
- ^ Gignoux 1983, p. 472.
- Rapp 2014, p. 28.
- ^ Brosius 2000.
- Shahbazi 1988, pp. 514–522.
- Spawforth 2007, p. 63.
- Sundermann 1988, pp. 678–679.
Sources
- Brosius, Maria (2000). "Women i. In Pre-Islamic Persia". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica (Online ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
- Gignoux, Ph. (1983). "Ādur-Anāhīd". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. I/5: Adat–Afghanistan. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 472. ISBN 978-0-71009-094-2.
- Rapp, Stephen H. (2014). The Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes: Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature. Routledge. ISBN 978-1472425522.
- Shahbazi, A. Shapur (1988). "Bahrām I". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. III/5: Bahai Faith III–Baḵtīārī tribe II. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 514–522. ISBN 978-0-71009-117-8.
- Spawforth, A. J. S. (2007). The Court and Court Society in Ancient Monarchies. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139466639.
- Sundermann, W. (1988). "Bānbišn". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. III/7: Banān–Bardesanes. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 678–679. ISBN 978-0-71009-119-2.