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Admiral of the Fleet
The flag of an admiral of the Fleet is the Union Flag
Insignia shoulder board and sleeve lace for Admiral of the Fleet
Country	United Kingdom
Service branch	Royal Navy
Abbreviation	ADMF
Rank group	Flag officer
Rank	Five-star
NATO rank code	OF-10
Formation	1688
Next higher rank	none
Next lower rank	Admiral
Equivalent ranks	Field marshal (British Army) Marshal of the Royal Air Force (RAF)

Admiral of the Fleet is a five-star naval officer rank and the highest rank of the Royal Navy, formally established in 1688. The five-star NATO rank code is OF-10, equivalent to a field marshal in the British Army or a Marshal of the Royal Air Force. Apart from honorary appointments, no new admirals of the fleet have been named since 1995, and no honorary appointments have been made since 2014.

History

The origins of the rank can be traced back to John de Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp de Warwick, who was appointed 'Admiral of the King's Southern, Northern and Western Fleets' on 18 July 1360. The appointment gave the command of the English navy to one person for the first time; this evolved into the post of Admiral of the Fleet. In the days of sailing ships the admiral distinctions then used by the Royal Navy included distinctions related to the fleet being divided into three divisions – red, white, or blue. Each division was assigned at least one admiral, who in turn commanded a number of vice-admirals and rear admirals. While the full admirals were nominally equals, tradition gave precedence to the Admiral of the White who held the fleet rank in addition to his substantive role.

Eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

The Restoration era brought a general reorganisation of naval ranks and structure, including formalisation of the admiral of the fleet role. In a break with tradition the rank was awarded to the most senior Admiral of the Red, who retained this substantive rank while also serving as Admiral of the Fleet. Appointments were for life, remunerated via a £5 daily stipend and an annual allowance of £1,014 for the hiring and maintenance of servants. It was intended that only one officer would hold the rank at any time, with their presence aboard any naval vessel to be denoted by the flying of the Royal Standard from the main mast.

The ranks of Admiral of the Fleet and Admiral of the Red were formally separated from 1805, with an announcement in the London Gazette that "His Majesty been pleased to order the Rank of Admirals of the Red to be restored" in His Majesty's Navy..." as a separate role. The same Gazette promoted 22 men to that rank. From the nineteenth century onward there were also occasional variations to the previous requirement that only one Admiral of Fleet could serve at one time. In 1821 George IV appointed Sir John Jervis as a second admiral of the fleet, to balance the Duke of Wellington's promotion as a second Field Marshal in the British Army. In 1830 King William IV increased the number of admirals of the fleet to three, though these additional lifetime postings subsequently lapsed. Between 1854 and 1857 there was no admiral of the fleet at all as the most senior naval officer of the time – Admiral of the Red Thomas Le Marchant Gosselin – was mentally ill and had not served at sea for forty-five years. In deference to Gosselin's seniority the position was instead left vacant until his death in 1857, whereupon it was filled by Admiral Charles Ogle.

Twentieth century

The organisation of the British fleet into coloured squadrons was abandoned in 1864, though the rank of admiral of the fleet was maintained. The title of First Naval Lord was renamed First Sea Lord in 1904.

During the two World Wars a number of serving officers held active commissions as admirals of the fleet, as well as the First Sea Lord—e.g. Sir John Tovey.

Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was created an Admiral of the Fleet in the Royal New Zealand Navy in 1954, following the coronation of his wife Elizabeth II as Queen. This promotion was to a New Zealand rank, separate from the Royal Navy rank.

Following the creation of the Chief of the Defence Staff in 1959, the five naval officers appointed to that position became admirals of the fleet. Recognizing the reduced post–Cold War size of the British Armed Forces, no further appointments were made to the rank after 1995 when Sir Benjamin Bathurst was appointed admiral of the fleet on his retirement as First Sea Lord. The rank was not abolished and in 2012 the Prince of Wales (now King Charles III) became an honorary admiral of the fleet (as well as field marshal and marshal of the Royal Air Force), in recognition of his support to Queen Elizabeth II in her role of as Commander-in-Chief of the British Armed Forces. In 2014, Lord Boyce, a former First Sea Lord and Chief of the Defence Staff, was also appointed an honorary admiral of the fleet.

Admirals of the Fleet

Appointed	Image	Name	Born	Died	Notes	Reference
24 September 1688		George Legge (later The Lord Dartmouth)	1647	1691
30 May 1690		Edward Russell (later The Earl of Orford)	1652	1727
28 April 1696		Sir George Rooke	1650	1709	circa
13 January 1705		Sir Cloudesley Shovell	1650	1707
8 January 1708		Leake JohnSir John Leake	1656	1720
21 December 1708		Fairborne StaffordSir Stafford Fairborne	1666	1742	circa
12 November 1709		Aylmer MatthewSir Matthew Aylmer (later The Lord Aylmer)	1650	1720
14 March 1718		Byng GeorgeSir George Byng (later The Viscount Torrington)	1663	1733
20 February 1734		Norris JohnSir John Norris	1670	1749
1 July 1749		Ogle ChallonerSir Chaloner Ogle	1681	1750
22 November 1751		Steuart JamesJames Steuart	1690	1757
March 1757		Clinton GeorgeGeorge Clinton	1686	1761
30 July 1761		AnsonThe Lord Anson	1697	1762
17 December 1762		Rowley WilliamSir William Rowley	1690	1768	circa
15 January 1768		Hawke EdwardSir Edward Hawke (later The Lord Hawke)	1705	1781
24 October 1781		Luke O'KeefeJohn Forbes	1714	1796
12 March 1796		HoweThe Earl Howe	1726	1799
16 September 1799		Parker PeterSir Peter Parker, Bt.	1721	1811
24 December 1811		Clarence and Saint AndrewsKing William IV	1765	1837	Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom 1827–1828 appointed at that time as The Duke of Clarence and St Andrews
19 July 1821		Saint VincentThe Earl of St Vincent	1735	1823	acting from May 1814
28 June 1830		Williams-Freeman WilliamWilliam Williams-Freeman	1742	1832
22 July 1830		GambierThe Lord Gambier	1756	1833
22 July 1830		Pole CharlesSir Charles Pole, Bt.	1757	1830
24 April 1833		Nugent CharlesSir Charles Nugent	1759	1844
8 January 1844		Hawkins-Whitshed JamesSir James Hawkins-Whitshed	1762	1849
9 November 1846		Martin GeorgeSir George Martin	1764	1847
13 October 1849		Martin ThomasSir Thomas Byam Martin	1773	1854
1 July 1851		Cockburn GeorgeSir George Cockburn (later the Cockburn Baronet)	1772	1853
8 December 1857		Ogle CharlesSir Charles Ogle, Bt.	1775	1858
25 June 1858		West JohnSir John West	1774	1862
20 May 1862		Gage WilliamSir William Gage	1777	1864
10 November 1862		Hamond GrahamSir Graham Hamond, Bt.	1779	1862
27 April 1863		Austen FrancisSir Francis Austen	1774	1865
27 April 1863		Parker WilliamSir William Parker, Bt.	1781	1866
11 January 1864		Curtis LuciusSir Lucius Curtis	1786	1869
12 September 1865		Cochrane ThomasSir Thomas Cochrane	1789	1872
30 November 1866		Seymour GeorgeSir George Seymour	1787	1870
30 January 1868		Gordon JamesSir James Gordon	1782	1869	on the Retired List
15 January 1869		Bowles WilliamSir William Bowles	1780	1869
2 July 1869		Sartorious GeorgeSir George Sartorius	1790	1885
21 January 1870		Moresby FairfaxSir Fairfax Moresby	1786	1877
20 October 1872		Stewart HoustonSir Houston Stewart	1791	1875
11 December 1875		Wallis ProvoSir Provo Wallis	1791	1892
22 January 1877		Codrington HenrySir Henry Codrington	1808	1877
5 August 1877		Keppel HenrySir Henry Keppel	1809	1904
27 December 1877		LauderdaleThe Earl of Lauderdale	1803	1878
27 December 1877		Mundy RodneySir Rodney Mundy	1805	1884
15 June 1879		Hope JamesSir James Hope	1808	1881
15 June 1879		Symonds ThomasSir Thomas Symonds	1813	1894
10 June 1881		Milne AlexanderSir Alexander Milne, Bt.	1806	1896	on the Retired List
1 December 1881		Elliot CharlesSir Charles Elliot	1818	1895
29 April 1885		Ryder AlfredSir Alfred Ryder	1820	1888
18 July 1887		WalesKing Edward VII	1841	1910	Honorary appointment to non-Navy royalty and at that time The Prince of Wales
1 May 1888		Hornby GeoffreySir Geoffrey Hornby	1825	1895
8 December 1888		Hay JohnLord John Hay	1827	1916	First Sea Lord 1886
2 August 1889		William IIEmperor William II	1859	1941	Honorary, to foreign royalty
13 February 1892		Commerell JohnSir John Commerell	1829	1901
3 June 1893		EdinburghThe Duke of Edinburgh (later The Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha)	1844	1900
20 February 1895		ClanwilliamThe Earl of Clanwilliam	1832	1907
23 August 1897		Lyons AlgernonSir Algernon Lyons	1833	1908
29 November 1898		Richards FrederickSir Frederick Richards	1833	1912	First Sea Lord 1893–1899
13 January 1899		Salmon NowellSir Nowell Salmon	1835	1912
3 October 1902		Erskine JamesSir James Erskine	1838	1911
30 August 1903		Hotham CharlesSir Charles Hotham	1843	1925
16 June 1904		Kerr WalterLord Walter Kerr	1839	1927	First Sea Lord 1899–1904
20 February 1905		Seymour EdwardSir Edward Seymour	1840	1929
5 December 1905		Fisher JohnSir John Fisher (later The Lord Fisher)	1841	1920	First Sea Lord 1905–1910 and 1914–1915
1 March 1907		Wilson ArthurSir Arthur Wilson	1842	1921	First Sea Lord 1910–1911
11 June 1908		Nicholas IIHIM Tsar Nicholas II of Russia	1868	1918	Honorary, to foreign royalty
2 December 1908		Noel GerardSir Gerard Noel	1845	1918
27 January 1910		Heinrich of PrussiaPrince Henry of Prussia	1862	1929	Honorary, to foreign royalty
30 April 1910		Fanshawe ArthurSir Arthur Fanshawe	1847	1936
6 May 1910	George V	King George V	1865	1936
20 March 1913		May WilliamSir William May	1849	1930
5 March 1915		Meux HedworthSir Hedworth Meux	1856	1929
2 April 1917		Callaghan GeorgeSir George Callaghan	1852	1920
3 April 1919		JellicoeThe Viscount Jellicoe (later The Earl Jellicoe)	1859	1935	First Sea Lord 1916–1918
3 April 1919		Beatty DavidSir David Beatty (later The Earl Beatty)	1871	1936	First Sea Lord 1919–1927
31 July 1919		Jackson HenrySir Henry Jackson	1855	1929	First Sea Lord 1915–1916
1 November 1919		Wemyss RosslynSir Rosslyn Wemyss (later The Lord Wester Wemyss)	1864	1933	First Sea Lord 1918–1919
24 November 1920		Burney CecilSir Cecil Burney (later the Burney baronet)	1858	1929
5 July 1921		Sturdee DovetonSir Doveton Sturdee, Bt.	1859	1925
19 August 1921		Milford HavenThe Marquess of Milford Haven	1854	1921	First Sea Lord 1912–1914. On the Retired List
31 July 1924		Madden CharlesSir Charles Madden, Bt.	1862	1935	First Sea Lord 1927–1930
8 May 1925		Calthorpe SomersetSir Somerset Gough-Calthorpe	1864	1937
24 November 1925		de Robeck JohnSir John de Robeck, Bt.	1862	1928
21 January 1928		Oliver HenrySir Henry Oliver	1865	1965
31 July 1929		Brock OsmondSir Osmond Brock	1869	1947
8 May 1930		Keyes RogerSir Roger Keyes, Bt. (later The Lord Keyes)	1872	1945
21 January 1933		Field FrederickSir Frederick Field	1871	1945	First Sea Lord 1930–1933
31 July 1934		Tyrwhitt ReginaldSir Reginald Tyrwhitt, Bt.	1870	1951
8 May 1935		Chatfield ErnleSir Ernle Chatfield (later The Lord Chatfield)	1873	1967	First Sea Lord 1933–1938
21 January 1936		Edward VIIIKing Edward VIII	1894	1972
12 July 1936		Kelly JohnSir John Kelly	1871	1936
11 December 1936		George VIKing George VI	1895	1952
21 January 1938		CorkThe Earl of Cork and Orrery	1873	1967
7 July 1939		Backhouse RogerSir Roger Backhouse	1878	1939	First Sea Lord 1938–1939
31 July 1939		Pound DudleySir Dudley Pound	1877	1943	First Sea Lord 1939–1943
8 May 1940		Forbes CharlesSir Charles Forbes	1880	1960
21 January 1943		Cunningham AndrewSir Andrew Cunningham (later The Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope)	1883	1963	First Sea Lord 1943–1946
22 October 1943		Tovey JohnSir John Tovey (later The Lord Tovey)	1885	1971
8 May 1945		Somerville JohnSir James Somerville	1882	1949
21 January 1948		Cunningham JohnSir John Cunningham	1885	1965	First Sea Lord 1946–1948
22 October 1948		Fraser of North CapeThe Lord Fraser of North Cape	1888	1981	First Sea Lord 1948–1951
20 March 1949		Willis AlgernonSir Algernon Willis	1889	1976
22 April 1952		Power ArthurSir Arthur Power	1889	1960
1 June 1952		Vian PhilipSir Philip Vian	1894	1968
15 January 1953		EdinburghThe Duke of Edinburgh	1921	2021	Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom 2011–2021
1 May 1953		McGrigor RhoderickSir Rhoderick McGrigor	1893	1959	First Sea Lord 1951–1955
22 April 1955		Creasy GeorgeSir George Creasy	1895	1972
22 October 1956		Mountbatten of BurmaThe Earl Mountbatten of Burma	1900	1979	First Sea Lord 1955–1959 Chief of the Defence Staff 1959–1965
10 May 1960		Lambe CharlesSir Charles Lambe	1900	1960	First Sea Lord 1959–1960
23 May 1962		John CasparSir Caspar John	1903	1984	First Sea Lord 1960–1963
12 August 1968		Begg VarylSir Varyl Begg	1908	1995	First Sea Lord 1966–1968
30 June 1970		Le Fanu MichaelSir Michael Le Fanu	1913	1970	First Sea Lord 1968–1970
12 March 1971		Hill-Norton PeterSir Peter Hill-Norton (later The Lord Hill-Norton)	1915	2004	First Sea Lord 1970–1971 Chief of the Defence Staff 1971–1973
1 March 1974		Pollock MichaelSir Michael Pollock	1916	2006	First Sea Lord 1971–1974
9 February 1977		Ashmore EdwardSir Edward Ashmore	1919	2016	First Sea Lord 1974–1977 Chief of the Defence Staff 1977
6 July 1979		Lewin TerenceSir Terence Lewin (later The Lord Lewin)	1920	1999	First Sea Lord 1977–1979 Chief of the Defence Staff 1979–1982
1 December 1982		Leach HenrySir Henry Leach	1923	2011	First Sea Lord 1979–1982
2 August 1985		Fieldhouse JohnSir John Fieldhouse (later The Lord Fieldhouse)	1928	1992	First Sea Lord 1982–1985 Chief of the Defence Staff 1985–1988
12 April 1988		King Olav V of Norway	1903	1991	Honorary, to foreign royalty
25 May 1989		Staveley WilliamSir William Staveley	1928	1997	First Sea Lord 1985–1989
2 March 1993		Oswald JulianSir Julian Oswald	1933	2011	First Sea Lord 1989–1993
10 July 1995		Bathhurst BenjaminSir Benjamin Bathurst	1936	Living	First Sea Lord 1993–1995
16 June 2012		WalesKing Charles III	1948	Living	Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom since 2022 Honorary appointment and at that time The Prince of Wales Assumed the rank in full capacity on the day following accession to the throne.
13 June 2014		Boyce MichaelThe Lord Boyce	1943	2022	First Sea Lord 1998–2001 Chief of the Defence Staff 2001–2003. Honorary rank

See also

• Admiral of the fleet as used in other countries
• British ensigns
• British and U.S. military ranks compared
• Coloured squadrons of the Royal Navy
• Comparative military ranks
• First Sea Lord
• Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom
• Royal Navy officer rank insignia

References

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2. St. George Tucker (1996). Blackstone's commentaries: with notes of reference to the constitution and laws, of the federal government of the United States, and of the Commonwealth of Virginia; with an appendix to each volume, containing short tracts upon such subjects as appeared necessary to form a connected view of the laws of Virginia as a member of the federal union. Vol. 1 (Originally published: Philadelphia : William Young Birch, and Abraham Small, 1803. ed.). Union, NJ: Lawbook Exchange. p. xxxiii. ISBN 9781886363168.
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6. "No. 15859". The London Gazette. 5 November 1805. p. 1373.
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21. Heathcote, p. 197.
22. "No. 8864". The London Gazette. 4 July 1749. p. 6.
23. Heathcote p. 236.
24. Heathcote, p. 45.
25. "No. 10126". The London Gazette. 28 July 1761. p. 2.
26. "No. 10275". The London Gazette. 1 January 1763. p. 1.
27. Heathcote, p. 109.
28. Heathcote, p. 87.
29. "No. 13875". The London Gazette. 15 March 1796. p. 258.
30. Heathcote, p. 271.
31. "No. 16554". The London Gazette. 21 December 1811. p. 2454.
32. "No. 17727". The London Gazette. 20 July 1821. p. 1511.
33. "No. 18701". The London Gazette. 2 July 1830. p. 1369.
34. ^ "No. 18709". The London Gazette. 23 July 1830. p. 1539.
35. "No. 19042". The London Gazette. 26 April 1833. p. 793.
36. "No. 20305". The London Gazette. 16 January 1844. p. 146.
37. "No. 20660". The London Gazette (Supplement). 10 November 1846. p. 3994.
38. "No. 21037". The London Gazette. 13 November 1849. p. 3387.
39. "No. 21225". The London Gazette. 8 July 1851. p. 1769.
40. "No. 22071". The London Gazette. 11 December 1857. p. 4367.
41. "No. 22157". The London Gazette. 29 June 1858. p. 3090.
42. "No. 22627". The London Gazette. 20 May 1862. p. 2616.
43. "No. 22679". The London Gazette. 10 November 1862. p. 5343.
44. "No. 22730". The London Gazette. 28 April 1863. p. 2246.
45. "No. 22730". The London Gazette. 28 April 1863. p. 2246.
46. "No. 22806". The London Gazette. 12 January 1864. p. 157.
47. "No. 23014". The London Gazette. 15 September 1865. p. 4466.
48. "No. 23187". The London Gazette. 20 November 1866. p. 6158.
49. "No. 23349". The London Gazette. 4 February 1868. p. 537.
50. "No. 23462". The London Gazette. 26 January 1869. p. 407.
51. "No. 23516". The London Gazette. 13 July 1869. p. 3958.
52. "No. 23582". The London Gazette. 1 February 1870. p. 598.
53. "No. 23915". The London Gazette. 1 November 1872. p. 5106.
54. "No. 24278". The London Gazette. 24 December 1875. p. 6577.
55. "No. 24411". The London Gazette. 30 January 1877. p. 436.
56. "No. 24497". The London Gazette. 24 August 1877. p. 4957.
57. ^ "No. 24537". The London Gazette. 1 January 1878. p. 2.
58. ^ "No. 24734". The London Gazette. 17 June 1879. p. 3967.
59. "No. 24997". The London Gazette. 19 July 1881. p. 3548.
60. "No. 25044". The London Gazette. 2 December 1881. p. 6470.
61. "No. 25466". The London Gazette. 1 May 1885. p. 1984.
62. Heathcote, p. 68.
63. "No. 25816". The London Gazette. 15 May 1888. p. 2766.
64. "No. 25883". The London Gazette. 14 December 1888. p. 7140.
65. Heathcote, p. 261.
66. "No. 26262". The London Gazette. 26 February 1892. p. 1108.
67. Heathcote, p. 10.
68. "No. 26601". The London Gazette. 22 February 1895. p. 1066.
69. "No. 26885". The London Gazette. 24 August 1897. p. 4726.
70. "No. 27029". The London Gazette. 2 December 1898. p. 7818.
71. "No. 27043". The London Gazette. 17 January 1899. p. 298.
72. "No. 27483". The London Gazette. 17 October 1902. p. 6569.
73. "No. 27593". The London Gazette. 1 September 1903. p. 5476.
74. "No. 27692". The London Gazette. 5 July 1904. p. 4259.
75. "No. 27766". The London Gazette. 21 February 1905. p. 1279.
76. "No. 27861". The London Gazette. 8 December 1905. p. 8812.
77. "No. 28001". The London Gazette. 5 March 1907. p. 1574.
78. Heathcote, p. 192.
79. "No. 28201". The London Gazette. 1 December 1908. p. 9182.
80. Heathcote, p. 113.
81. "No. 28362". The London Gazette. 3 May 1910. p. 3063.
82. Heathcote, p. 98.
83. "No. 28703". The London Gazette. 21 March 1913. p. 2159.
84. "No. 29094". The London Gazette. 9 March 1915. p. 2365.
85. "No. 30008". The London Gazette. 3 April 1917. p. 3206.
86. "No. 31327". The London Gazette. 6 May 1919. p. 5653.
87. "No. 31327". The London Gazette. 6 May 1919. p. 5653.
88. "No. 31489". The London Gazette. 5 August 1919. p. 9961.
89. "No. 31715". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 January 1920. p. 57.
90. "No. 32150". The London Gazette (Supplement). 3 December 1920. p. 11942.
91. "No. 32394". The London Gazette. 19 July 1921. p. 5733.
92. Order in Council of 19 August 1921; ADM 196/38.
93. "No. 32962". The London Gazette. 5 August 1924. p. 5889.
94. "No. 33049". The London Gazette. 22 May 1925. p. 3445.
95. "No. 33110". The London Gazette. 1 December 1925. p. 7950.
96. "No. 33354". The London Gazette. 7 February 1928. p. 856.
97. "No. 33523". The London Gazette. 6 August 1929. p. 5145.
98. "No. 33604". The London Gazette. 9 May 1930. p. 2867.
99. "No. 33905". The London Gazette. 24 January 1933. p. 524.
100. "No. 34076". The London Gazette. 7 August 1934. p. 5054.
101. "No. 34159". The London Gazette. 10 May 1935. p. 3048.
102. Heathcote, p. 69.
103. "No. 34308". The London Gazette (Supplement). 24 July 1936. p. 4742.
104. Heathcote, p. 99.
105. "No. 34476". The London Gazette. 25 January 1938. p. 512.
106. Heathcote, p. 21.
107. "No. 34651". The London Gazette. 4 August 1939. p. 5393.
108. "No. 34849". The London Gazette. 14 May 1940. p. 2892.
109. Heathcote, p. 60.
110. "No. 36255". The London Gazette. 19 November 1943. p. 5088.
111. Heathcote, p. 233.
112. "No. 38210". The London Gazette. 17 February 1948. p. 1128.
113. Heathcote, p. 90.
114. "No. 38595". The London Gazette. 26 April 1949. p. 2052.
115. "No. 39571". The London Gazette. 13 June 1952. p. 3238.
116. "No. 39606". The London Gazette. 25 July 1952. p. 3999.
117. Heathcote, p. 210.
118. "No. 39754". The London Gazette. 16 January 1953. p. 358.
119. Heathcote, p. 162.
120. "No. 40487". The London Gazette. 24 May 1955. p. 3011.
121. "No. 40927". The London Gazette. 16 November 1956. p. 6492.
122. "No. 42058". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 June 1960. p. 4037.
123. "No. 42704". The London Gazette. 15 June 1962. p. 4777.
124. Heathcote, p. 29.
125. "No. 45138". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 June 1970. p. 7183.
126. "No. 45331". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 March 1971. p. 2937.
127. "No. 46225". The London Gazette (Supplement). 4 March 1974. p. 2887.
128. "No. 47160". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 March 1977. p. 2825.
129. "No. 47904". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 July 1979. p. 8998.
130. "No. 49174". The London Gazette (Supplement). 22 November 1982. p. 15293.
131. Heathcote, p. 78.
132. "No. 50238". The London Gazette (Supplement). 23 August 1985. p. 11765.
133. "No. 51297". The London Gazette (3rd supplement). 12 April 1988. p. 4327.
134. Heathcote, p. 235.
135. Oswald, Julian (1993). "Conventional Deterrence and Military Diplomacy". The RUSI Journal. 138 (2). RUSI: 29–30. doi:10.1080/03071849308445694.
136. Heathcote, p. 23.
137. "No. 60350". The London Gazette. 7 December 2012. p. 23557.
138. "2014 Birthday Honours for service personnel and defence civilians". Ministry of Defence. 13 June 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.

Sources

• Heathcote, Tony (2002). The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734–1995. Pen & Sword Ltd. ISBN 0-85052-835-6.

External links

• Media related to Royal Navy admirals of the fleet at Wikimedia Commons

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