Pueblo Revival architecture

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Architectural movement

Painted Desert Inn, a National Historic Landmark in Arizona

The Pueblo Revival style or Santa Fe style is a regional architectural style of the Southwestern United States, which draws its inspiration from Santa Fe de Nuevo México's traditional Pueblo architecture, the Spanish missions, and Territorial Style. The style developed at the beginning of the 20th century and reached its greatest popularity in the 1920s and 1930s, though it is still commonly used for new buildings. Pueblo style architecture is most prevalent in the state of New Mexico; it is often blended with Territorial Revival architecture.

Features

Pueblo Revival architecture imitates the appearance of traditional adobe Pueblo architecture, though other materials such as brick or concrete are often substituted. If adobe is not used, rounded corners, irregular parapets, and thick, battered walls are used to simulate it. Walls are usually stuccoed and painted in earth tones. Multistory buildings usually employ stepped massing similar to that seen at Taos Pueblo. Roofs are always flat. Common features of the Pueblo Revival style include projecting wooden roof beams or vigas, which sometimes serve no structural purpose, "corbels", curved—often stylized—beam supports and latillas, which are peeled branches or strips of wood laid across the tops of vigas to create a foundation (usually supporting dirt or clay) for a roof.

History

The regional architecture from which the Pueblo style draws its inspiration is primarily found in New Mexico and Arizona, but also Colorado. Although the revival movement is most closely associated with the state of New Mexico, many early examples were built in other western states. In the 1890s, architect A. C. Schweinfurth incorporated Pueblo features into a number of his buildings in California. Mary Elizabeth Jane Colter's Hopi House (1904) in Grand Canyon National Park drew heavily on the Pueblo style. In 1908, architect Isaac Rapp used the San Estevan Del Rey Mission Church as a template for his Colorado Supply Company warehouse in Morley, Colorado.

The Pueblo Revival style made its first appearance in New Mexico at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, where UNM president William G. Tight adopted the style for a number of building projects during his tenure. The best known of these was the 1908 remodeling of Hodgin Hall, which survives as well as the slightly earlier Estufa, both designed by architect Edward Buxton Cristy under Tight's supervision. Other pioneering buildings that no longer exist were a heating plant and two of the university's dormitories, Hokona Hall and Kwataka Hall, also designed by Cristy and built in 1906. Nearly all subsequent university buildings have also employed the Pueblo style, albeit in increasingly loose interpretations.

The other stronghold of Pueblo-style architecture is Santa Fe, where it was popularized in the 1920s and 1930s by a group of artists and architects seeking to establish a unique regional identity. In 1957, a committee led by John Gaw Meem drafted Santa Fe "H" Historical District Regulations Ordinance No. 1957-18, commonly known as the Historical Zoning Ordinance. This ordinance mandated the use of the "Old Santa Fe Style," which encompassed "so-called Pueblo, Pueblo-Spanish or Spanish-Indian and Territorial styles," on all new buildings in central Santa Fe. This ordinance remains in effect, meaning the Pueblo style continues to predominate.

Pueblo-style houses are still frequently constructed in Albuquerque, Santa Fe, and elsewhere. Updated versions of the style have also been used for newer commercial and public buildings such as the Albuquerque International Sunport terminal (1966) and the newer UNM buildings.

Notable buildings

Heating plant, Hokona Hall and Kwataka Hall at University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, New Mexico (architect Edward Buxton Cristy, 1906; demolished between the 1950s and the 1970s)
Estufa at University of New Mexico in Albuquerque (architect E. B. Cristy, 1906)
Remodeling of Hodgin Hall at University of New Mexico in Albuquerque (architect E. B. Cristy, 1908)
New Mexico Museum of Art in Santa Fe, New Mexico (architect Isaac Rapp, 1917)
Federal building in Santa Fe, now Museum of Contemporary Native Arts of the Institute of American Indian Arts (architect Louis A. Simon, 1920–1922)
La Fonda Hotel in Santa Fe (architect Isaac Rapp, 1922; remodeled 1929, architect John Gaw Meem)
Hotel Franciscan in Albuquerque (architect Henry Trost, 1920–1923; demolished in 1972)
Glenn Curtiss Mansion in Miami Springs, Florida (architect Martin L. Hampton, 1925)
Taylor Memorial Chapel in Black Forest, Colorado (architect John Gaw Meem, 1929)
Visitor Center, Bandelier National Monument in New Mexico (architect Lyle E. Bennett, 1934–1941)
Visitor Center, White Sands National Park near Alamogordo, New Mexico (architect Lyle E. Bennett, 1936–1938)
Zimmerman Library at University of New Mexico in Albuquerque (architect John Gaw Meem, 1938)
El Cuartel Viejo, Old Fort Lowell, Tucson, Arizona, Charles Bolsius architectural designer and builder, 1942 - 1949
Painted Desert Inn in Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona (architect Lyle E. Bennett, 1937–1940; remodeled by Mary Colter in 1947)
Cristo Rey Church in Santa Fe (architect John Gaw Meem, 1939–1940)
Cabot's Pueblo Museum in Desert Hot Springs, California (self-built by Cabot Abram Yerxa, 1921–1945)
The Inn and Spa at Loretto in Santa Fe (architect Herald Stewart, 1975)
The Eldorado Hotel in Santa Fe (Lloyd & Associates Architects, 1985)
Las Saetas, Old Fort Lowell, Tucson, Arizona, Charles Bolsius architectural designer and builder, 1934 - 1940

Notes

Whiffen (1969), pp. 229–233
Whiffen (1969), pp. 229–233
Hooker (2000)
Harris (1997), pp. 3–6

Notes

Virginia Grattan. Mary Colter Builder Upon the Red Earth, 1980.
Arnold Berke, Mary Colter Architect of the Southwest, 2002.
California, Berkeley Daily Planet, Berkeley. "East Bay Then and Now: A Viennese Epicure in the Athens of the West. Category: Home & Garden Columns from The Berkeley Daily Planet". berkeleydailyplanet.com. Retrieved August 23, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Twitchell, Ralph Emerson (January 1, 1915). Old Santa Fe: A Magazine of History, Archaeology, Genealogy and Biography. Old Santa Fe Press. pp. 298–299.
Terry Gugliotta (December 2006). "Campus Heritage Preservation Survey, University of New Mexico" (PDF). Albuquerque, NM: The University of New Mexico.
Santa Fe (N.M.). City Planning Department (January 1, 1957). "H" historical district regulations: ordinance no. 1957-18. Santa Fe, N.M.: The Dept. OCLC 63271542.
"Preservation law, Santa Fe". University of Florida Digital Collection. p. 167. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
Paul Weideman (August 21, 2015). ""Beautiful and distinctive": A history of MoCNA's building". The New Mexican.
"Hotel Franciscan". Albuquerque Historical Society.
"Franciscan Hotel, Albuquerque, New Mexico". Henry C. Trost Historical Organization. 1990.
"Bandelier National Monument CCC Historic District". National Park Service. 2001.
"White Sands Historic District". National Park Service. April 7, 2017.
Shari Morrison (August–September 2018). "Western Landmark: The Inn and Spa at Loretto". Western Art & Architecture.
Malcolm Pynn. "The Eldorado Hotel Story". Santa Fe Always On Line.

References

Harris, Richard (1997). National Trust Guide: Santa Fe. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-17443-2
Hooker, Van Dorn (2000). Only in New Mexico: An Architectural History of the University of New Mexico, the First Century 1889–1989. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-2135-6
Whiffen, Marcus (1969). American Architecture Since 1780. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-23034-8

v t e Architecture of the United States
Native and indigenous	Mound Builders Pueblo
Colonial and post-colonial	Creole First Period Colonial Georgian Dutch Colonial French Colonial German Colonial Spanish Colonial Territorial
Early Republic	Adam Federal Jeffersonian Neoclassical Antebellum
Mid-19th century	Greek Revival Italianate Gothic Revival
Victorian	Richardsonian Romanesque Second Empire American Renaissance Folk Stick style Queen Anne Shingle
Late-19th to mid-20th century	Art Deco (Streamline Moderne) American Craftsman American Foursquare Beaux-Arts California bungalow Chicago School Colonial Revival Dutch Colonial Revival Georgian Revival Googie International style Mayan Revival Mediterranean Revival Mission Revival Pueblo Revival Deco Prairie School Pre-war PWA Moderne Sarasota School of Architecture Rustic Spanish Colonial Revival Territorial Revival Tudor Revival
Post–World War II	Blobitecture Brutalist Deconstructivism Dingbat Earthship High-tech Mid-century modern Modern Neo-eclectic Neo-futurism Neomodern New Classical architecture Postmodern Ranch Shed style Tiny-house Usonian
Building types and vernacular	Adirondack Adobe Barabara Cape Cod Central-passage house Chickee Corn crib Cowboy church Critical regionalism Dogtrot house Earth lodge Hogan Hall and parlor house I-house Igloo Jacal Kiva Log cabin Longhouses Moki steps Plank house Platform mound Qargi Quiggly hole Ramada Saltbox Shotgun house Sipapu Skyscraper Sod house Sweat lodge Temples Tipi Town square Tupiq Wigwam
Cities	Atlanta Boston Buffalo Chicago Columbus Detroit Houston Jacksonville Kansas City Las Vegas Los Angeles Miami New Orleans New York City Omaha Philadelphia Portland San Antonio San Francisco Seattle Spokane St. Louis Washington, D.C.
States	California Hawaii Texas

v t e Native American architecture
Styles	Inca Mesoamerican (Aztec Maya Puuc Río Bec San Bartolo Mayan Revival) Muisca Neo-Andean Pueblo Revival Deco Territorial Territorial Revival
Building types	Barabara Corn crib Chickee Earth lodge Guachimontón Hogan Igloo Jacal Kiva Longhouse Maloca Mesoamerican pyramid (Triadic Twin-pyramids) Oca Plank house Pukara Qargi Qarmaq Quiggly Qullqa Ramada Ruka Shabono Sweat lodge Temazcal Tipi Tupiq Wigwam
Structures	Ballcourt Chultun Cuel E-Group Moki steps Platform mound Rope bridge Sacbe Ushnu
Elements	Ashlar Corbel arch Roof comb Sascab Sipapu Talud-tablero

v t e Historicism and Revivalism in architecture and decorative arts
International	Art Deco Art Nouveau Arts and Crafts Baroque Revival Beaux-Arts Neo-Byzantine Carpenter Gothic Egyptian Revival French Provincial Gothic Revival Greek Revival / Neo-Grec Mayan Revival Moorish Revival Neoclassical New Classical Renaissance Revival Châteauesque Italianate Palazzo style Rococo Revival Romanesque Revival Second Empire French European North American Spanish Colonial Revival Swiss chalet style Vernacular
France	Henry II style Henry IV style Louis XIII style Louis XIV style Louis XV style Louis XVI style Neoclassicism Directoire style Empire style Louis Philippe style Second Empire style Belle Époque
Germany, Austria-Hungary	Biedermeier Gründerzeit Jugendstil Nazi architecture Resort style Rundbogenstil
Great Britain	Adamesque Bristol Byzantine Edwardian Baroque Egyptian Revival Georgian Revival Indo-Saracenic Revival British India Jacobethan Neo-Palladian Queen Anne Revival Regency Romanesque Revival Scottish Baronial Tudor Revival / Black-and-white Revival
Greece	Mycenaean Revival
Italy	Stile Umbertino Milan
Netherlands	Traditionalist School
Nordic countries	Dragon style National Romantic style Gustavian style Nordic Classicism
Portugal	Neo-Manueline Neo-Mudéjar Soft Portuguese style
Poland	Zakopane Style
Romania	Romanian Revival
Russian Empire and USSR	Neo-Byzantine Neoclassical Revival Russian Revival Stalinist
Serbia	Serbo-Byzantine Revival
Spain	Neo-Mudéjar
United States	American Renaissance Collegiate Gothic Colonial Revival Dutch Colonial Revival Federal style Greco Deco Jeffersonian Mediterranean Revival Mission Revival Pueblo Revival Polish cathedral style Queen Anne style Richardsonian Romanesque Territorial Revival

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