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Napoleonic era
1799–1815
The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries by Jacques-Louis David
Monarch(s)	Napoleon Bonaparte
Leader(s)	Napoleon Bonaparte Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord
Chronology French Directory, French Revolution Bourbon Restoration, Concert of Europe

The Napoleonic era is a period in the history of France and Europe. It is generally classified as including the fourth and final stage of the French Revolution, the first being the National Assembly, the second being the Legislative Assembly, and the third being the French Directory. The Napoleonic era begins roughly with Napoleon Bonaparte's coup d'état on 18 Brumaire, overthrowing the Directory (9 November 1799), establishing the French Consulate, and ends during the Hundred Days and his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo (18 June 1815).

The Congress of Vienna soon set out to restore Europe to pre-French Revolution days. Napoleon brought political stability to a land torn by revolution and war. He made peace with the Catholic Church and reversed the most radical religious policies of the National Convention. In 1804, Napoleon promulgated the Civil Code, a revised body of civil law, which also helped stabilize French society. The Civil Code affirmed the political and legal equality of all adult men and established a merit-based society in which individuals advanced in education and employment because of talent rather than birth or social standing. The Civil Code confirmed many of the moderate revolutionary policies of the National Assembly but retracted measures passed by the more radical Convention. The Civil Code restored patriarchal authority in the family, for example by making women and children subservient to male heads of households.

Whilst working to stabilise France, Napoleon sought to extend his authority throughout Europe. Napoleon's armies conquered the Iberian and Italian peninsulas, occupied lands, and he forced Austria, Prussia, and Russia to ally with him and respect French hegemony in Europe. The United Kingdom refused to recognize French hegemony and continued the war throughout.

The First French Empire began to unravel in 1812, when he decided to invade Russia. Napoleon underestimated the difficulties his army would have to face whilst occupying Russia. Convinced that the Tsar was conspiring with his British enemies, Napoleon led an army of 600,000 soldiers to Moscow. He defeated the Russian army at Borodino before capturing Moscow, but the Tsar withdrew and Moscow was set ablaze, leaving Napoleon's vast army without adequate shelter or supplies. Napoleon ordered a retreat, but the bitter Russian winter and repeated Russian attacks whittled down his army, and only a battered remnant of 30,000 soldiers managed to limp back to French territory. The allies then continued a united effort against Napoleon until they had seized Paris forcing his abdication in 1814. His return to power the next year was resisted by all the allies and his army was defeated by a Prussian and Anglo-Allied force at Waterloo.

History

The Napoleonic era is a period in the history of France and Europe. It is generally classified as including the fourth and final stage of the French Revolution, the first being the National Assembly, the second being the Legislative Assembly, and the third being the Directory. The Napoleonic era from 1799 to 1815 was marked by Napoleon Bonaparte's rise to power in France. He became Emperor in 1804 and sought to expand French influence across Europe. Major events include the Napoleonic Wars, the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, and Napoleon's exile to Elba and later to Saint Helena. His legacy shaped European politics and military.

Rulers

Heads and leaders of states affected by Napoleon's regime and the Napoleonic wars:

• Austria
  • Archduchy of Austria: Francis II (1792–1835)
  • Austrian Empire: Francis I (1804–1835)
• Confederation of the Rhine: Protector Napoleon I (1806–1813)
• Denmark–Norway: Christian VII (1766–1808), Frederick VI (Regent 1784–1808, King of Denmark 1808–1839, King of Norway 1808–1814)
• Duchy of Warsaw: Frederick Augustus I of Saxony, by personal arrangement with Napoleon, partial liberation (1806–1815) of the former Commonwealth of Poland–Lithuania
• Egypt: Muhammad Ali (1805–1848)
• Etruria: Louis (1801–03), Charles Louis (1803–1807)
• France
  • French Republic: First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte (1799–1804)
  • French Empire: Napoleon I (1804–1814, 1815)
  • Kingdom of France: Louis XVIII (1814–15, 1815–1824)
• Great Britain
  • Kingdom of Great Britain: King George III (1760–1801), Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger (1793–1801)
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: King George III (1801–1820); Prince Regent George (1811–1820); Prime Ministers William Pitt the Younger (1801, 1804–06), Henry Addington (1801–04), The Lord Grenville (1806–07), The Duke of Portland (1807–09), Spencer Perceval (1809–1812), The Earl of Liverpool (1812–1827)
• Haiti: Jean-Jacques Dessalines (as Governor-General 1804, as Emperor Jacques I 1804–06), Henri Christophe (as President 1806–1811, as King Henri I 1811–1820)
• Holland: Louis I (1806–10), Louis II (1810)
• Holy Roman Empire: Francis II (1792–1806)
• Italy: Napoleon I (1805–1814)
• Naples: Ferdinand IV (1799–1806, 1815–16), Joseph Bonaparte (1806–08), Joachim Murat (1808–1815)
• Netherlands: William I (1815–1840)
• Montenegro: Petar I Petrović-Njegoš (1782–1830)
• Ottoman Empire: Selim III (1789–1807), Mustafa IV (1807–08), Mahmud II (1808–1839)
• Papal States: Pius VII (1800–1823)
• Portugal: Mary I (1777–1816), John VI (Regent 1799–1816, King 1816–1826)
• Prussia: Frederick William III (1797–1840)
• Russian Empire: Paul I (1796–1801), Alexander I (1801–1825)
• Sardinia: Charles Emmanuel IV (1796–1802), Victor Emmanuel I (1802–1821)
• Saxony: Frederick Augustus I (1763–1827)
• Serbia
  • Revolutionary Serbia was in a state of rebellion against the Ottoman rule, de facto independent, led initially Karađorđe 1804–1813 who was succeeded by Miloš Obrenović from 1815 onwards.
• Sicily: Ferdinand III (1759–1816)
• Spain: Charles IV (1788–1808), Ferdinand VII (1808, 1813–1833), Joseph I (1808–1813)
• Sweden: Gustav IV Adolf (1792–1809), Charles XIII (1809–1818)
• United States: Presidents John Adams (1797–1801), Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809), James Madison (1809–1817)
• Württemberg: Frederick I (1797–1816)

Wars

• French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802)
  • Egyptian Campaign (1798–1801)
  • War of the Second Coalition (1799–1802)
• Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815)
  • War of the Third Coalition (1805)
  • War of the Fourth Coalition (1806–1807)
  • Gunboat War (1807–1814)
  • Peninsular War (1808–1814)
  • War of the Fifth Coalition (1809)
  • French invasion of Russia (1812)
  • War of the Sixth Coalition (1812–1814)
  • Hundred Days (1815)
• Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
• Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)
• Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)
• Finnish War (1808–1809)
• War of 1812 (1812–1815)
• Swedish-Norwegian War (1814)

Major battles

• Battle of Marengo – 14 June 1800
• Battle of Abukir – 8 March 1801
• Battle of Alexandria -21 March 1801
• Battle of Copenhagen – 2 April 1801
• Battle of Trafalgar – 21 October 1805
• Battle of Austerlitz – 2 December 1805
• Battle of Jena-Auerstedt – 14 October 1806
• Battle of Eylau – 7–8 February 1807
• Battle of Friedland – 14 June 1807
• Battle of Vimeiro – 21 August 1808
• Battle of Somosierra – 30 November 1808
• Battle of Eckmühl – 21–22 April 1809
• Battle of Aspern-Essling – 21–22 May 1809
• Battle of Wagram – 5–6 July 1809
• Battle of Talavera – 27–28 July 1809
• Battle of Salamanca – 22 July 1812
• Battle of Borodino – 7 September 1812
• Battle of Lützen – 2 May 1813
• Battle of Bautzen – 20–21 May 1813
• Battle of Vitoria – 21 June 1813
• Battle of Dresden – 26–27 August 1813
• Battle of Leipzig – 16–19 October 1813
• Battle of Paris – 30–31 March 1814
• Battle of Waterloo – 18 June 1815

See also

• First Empire: The International Magazine for the Napoleonic Enthusiast, Historian, and Gamer (magazine)

References

1. ^ "Napoleonic Period Collection". content.lib.washington.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-02.

• The Napoleonic era at Britannica

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Napoleonic era timeline First French Empire
Family	Wives: Joséphine de Beauharnais Marie Louise Children: Charles Léon Alexandre Walewski Napoleon II Father: Carlo Maria Buonaparte Mother: Letizia Ramolino Brothers: Joseph Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Louis Bonaparte Jérôme Bonaparte Sisters: Caroline Bonaparte Pauline Bonaparte Elisa Bonaparte
Life and career	Stay in Auxonne [fr] Coup of 18 Brumaire Consulate Assassination attempts Le souper de Beaucaire Constitutions 1799 1802 1804 1815 Napoleonic Wars Coronation Sale of Louisiana Planned invasion of the United Kingdom Holland Mesures usuelles Looting of art Tactics Weaponry and warfare 1st abdication 1st exile Route Napoléon 2nd abdication 2nd exile Death [fr] mask
Battles and wars	French Revolutionary Wars Siege of Toulon French Revolution 13 Vendémiaire Battle of Lodi Battle of Bassano Battle of Rivoli French campaign in Egypt and Syria Battle of the Pyramids Siege of Jaffa Battle of Marengo War of the Third Coalition Battle of Austerlitz War of the Fourth Coalition Battle of Eylau War of the Fifth Coalition Battle of Eckmühl French invasion of Russia Battle of Borodino War of the Sixth Coalition Battle of Leipzig Battle of Vauchamps Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube Hundred Days Battle of Ligny Battle of Waterloo
Views	Catholic Church Concordat of 1801 Tiara Jewish people Grand Sanhedrin Infamous Decree Protestants Organic Articles Slavery Law of 20 May 1802 Saint-Domingue expedition Women [fr]
Homes and honours	Arc de Triomphe Column of the Grande Armée Equestrian statue Palace of Fontainebleau Les Invalides Longwood House Maison Bonaparte Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker Milan Rue de la Victoire Warsaw monument
Legacy and memory	Bank of France Bonapartism Cultural depictions Napoleon complex "China is a sleeping giant" quote German Romanticism Napoleonic Code Propaganda Tomb Retour des cendres Penis Studies Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)
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