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Agnostida Temporal range: Cambrian Stage 3 –Late Ordovician PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Itagnostus interstrictus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
(unranked):	†Artiopoda
Subphylum:	†Trilobitomorpha
Class:	†Trilobita (?)
Order:	†Agnostida Salter, 1864
Families
Suborder Agnostina Superfamily Agnostoidea Agnostidae Ammagnostidae Clavagnostidae Diplagnostidae Doryagnostidae Glyptagnostidae Metagnostidae Peronopsidae Ptychagnostidae Spinagnostidae Superfamily Condylopygoidea Condylopygidae Suborder Eodiscina Superfamily Eodiscoidea Calodiscidae Eodiscidae Hebediscidae Tsunyidiscidae Weymouthiidae Yukoniidae
Synonyms
Isopygia Gürich, 1907 Miomera Jækel, 1909

Agnostida are an order of extinct arthropods which have classically been seen as a group of highly modified trilobites, though some recent research has doubted this placement. Regardless, they appear to be close relatives as part of the Artiopoda. They are present in the Lower Cambrian fossil record along with trilobites from the Redlichiida, Corynexochida, and Ptychopariida orders, and were highly diverse throughout the Cambrian. Agnostidan diversity severely declined during the Cambrian-Ordovician transition, and the last agnostidans went extinct in the Late Ordovician.

Systematics

The Agnostida are divided into two suborders — Agnostina and Eodiscina — which are then subdivided into a number of families. As a group, agnostids are isopygous, meaning their pygidium is similar in size and shape to their cephalon. Most agnostid species were eyeless.

The systematic position of the order Agnostida within the class Trilobita remains uncertain, and there has been continuing debate whether they are trilobites or a stem group. The challenge to the status has focused on Agnostina partly due to the juveniles of one genus have been found with legs differing dramatically from those of adult trilobites, suggesting they are not members of the lamellipedian clade, of which trilobites are a part. Instead, the limbs of agnostids closely resemble those of stem group crustaceans, although they lack the proximal endite, which defines that group. The study suggested that they were likely the sister taxon to the crustacean stem lineage, and, as such, part of the clade, Crustaceomorpha. Other researchers have suggested, based on a cladistic analyses of dorsal exoskeletal features, that Eodiscina and Agnostida are closely united, and the Eodiscina descended from the trilobite order Ptychopariida. A 2019 study of adult specimens with preserved soft tissue from the Burgess Shale found that agnostidans shared morphological similarities to trilobites and other related artiopodans like nektaspids, and their placement as stem-crustaceans was unsupported. The study recovered agnostidans as the sister group to other trilobites within the Artiopoda.

Ecology

Scientists have long debated whether the agnostids lived a pelagic or a benthic lifestyle. Their lack of eyes, a morphology not well-suited for swimming, and their fossils found in association with other benthic trilobites suggest a benthic (bottom-dwelling) mode of life. They are likely to have lived on areas of the ocean floor which received little or no light and fed on detritus which descended from upper layers of the sea to the bottom. Their wide geographic dispersion in the fossil record is uncharacteristic of benthic animals, suggesting a pelagic existence. The thoracic segment appears to form a hinge between the head and pygidium allowing for a bivalved ostracodan-type lifestyle. The orientation of the thoracic appendages appears ill-suited for benthic living. Recent work suggests that some agnostids were benthic predators, engaging in cannibalism and possibly pack-hunting behavior.

They are sometimes preserved within the voids of other organisms, for instance within empty hyolith conchs, within sponges, worm tubes and under the carapaces of bivalved arthropods, presumably in order to hide from predators or strong storm currents; or maybe whilst scavenging for food. In the case of the tapering worm tubes Selkirkia, trilobites are always found with their heads directed towards the opening of the tube, suggesting that they reversed in; the absence of any moulted carapaces suggests that moulting was not their primary reason for seeking shelter.

References

1. ^ Moysiuk J, Caron JB (January 2019). "Burgess Shale fossils shed light on the agnostid problem". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 286 (1894): 20182314. doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.2314. PMC 6367181. PMID 30963877.
2. Barnes BD, Sclafani JA, Zaffos A (April 2021). "Dead clades walking are a pervasive macroevolutionary pattern". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (15). doi:10.1073/pnas.2019208118. PMC 8053996. PMID 33827921. S2CID 233184869.
3. Müller KJ, Walossek D (1987). "Morphology, ontogeny, and life habit of Agnostus pisiformis from the Upper Cambrian of Sweden". Fossils and Strata. 19: 1–124. doi:10.18261/8200075117-1987-01. ISBN 8200075117.
4. Bergström J, Hou XG (2005). "Early Palaeozoic non-lamellipedian arthropods". In Koenemann S, Ronald AJ (eds.). Crustacea and Arthropod Relationships. Taylor and Francis Group. pp. 75–93. ISBN 978-1-4200-3754-8.
5. Cotton TJ, Fortey RA (2005). "Comparative morphology and relationships of the Agnostida". In Koenemann S, Jenner RA (eds.). Crustacea and Arthropod Relationships. Vol. 16. Taylor and Francis Group. pp. 95–136. ISBN 978-1-4200-3754-8.
6. McMenamin MA (October 2010). "Cambrian cannibals: agnostid trilobite ethology and the earliest known case of arthropod cannibalism". Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. 42 (5): 320.
7. Fatka O, Vokáč V, Moravec J, Šinágl M, Valent M (January 2009). "Agnostids entombed in hyolith conchs". Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists. 37: 481–489.
8. ^ Chatterton BD, Collins DH, Ludvigsen R (2003). "Cryptic behaviour in trilobites: Cambrian and Silurian examples from Canada, and other related occurrences". In Lane PD, Siveter DJ, Fortey RA (eds.). Trilobites and Their Relatives. Special Papers in Palaeontology. Vol. 70. The Palaeontological Association. pp. 157–173. ISBN 978-0-901702-81-4.

External links

• Order Agnostida by Sam Gon III.
• The Virtual Fossil Museum – Trilobite Order Agnostida
• Agnostida fact sheet by Sam Gon III.
• "Earth's Early Cannibals Caught in the Act", by Larry O'Hanlon, news.discovery.com.

v t e Trilobites
Taxonomy	Orders Agnostida Asaphida Corynexochida Harpetida Redlichiida Lichida Phacopida Proetida Ptychopariida Genera List of trilobites
Geochronology	Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian
Notable fossils	Earliest Fritzaspis spp. Hupetina antiqua Lunagraulos Profallotaspis jakutensis Serrania gordaensis Latest Acropyge Cheiropyge Carniphillipsia Kathwaia Paraphillipsia Pseudophillipsia First described Calymene Largest Isotelus Hungioides Smallest Acanthopleurella
Notable trilobitologists	Alexander von Humboldt Joachim Barrande Alfred Russel Wallace Charles Doolittle Walcott Charles Emerson Beecher Roderick Murchison Adam Sedgwick Rudolf Kaufmann Rudolf Richter & Emma Richter Martin Basse Niles Eldredge George Frederic Matthew Harry B. Whittington Brian D. E. Chatterton Richard Fortey Euan Clarkson Franco Rasetti Gregory D. Edgecombe Bruce S. Lieberman Gerald J. Kloc Gerhard K. B. Alberti Teiichi Kobayashi Johan Wilhelm Dalman
Paleobiology	Cambrian explosion Cruziana Diplichnites Permian–Triassic extinction event Rusophycus Trilobite zone
Notable fossil sites	Anti-Atlas Mountains Beecher's Trilobite Bed Burgess Shale Emu Bay Shale Gees, Gerolstein Hunsrück Slate Jince Formation Latham Shale Llandeilo Group Maotianshan Shales Silica Shale Formation Takaka Terrane Walcott–Rust quarry Wenlock Group Wheeler Shale Wolchov River Wren's Nest
Morphology	Exoskeleton Tagmata Cephalon Thorax Pygidium Axial lobe Pleural lobe Terminology Cranidium Effacement Enrollment Facial sutures Fixigena Gena Genal angle Glabella Gonatoparian Heteronomous Homonomous Hypostome Isopygous Librigena Macropygous Micropygous Opisthoparian Proparian Prosopon Spinosity Subisopygous Soft body parts Appendages Digestive tract Internal organs Musculature Antennae Eyes Sensory pits
Category:Trilobites

• Agnostida
• Trilobite orders
• Cambrian trilobites
• Ordovician trilobites
• Cambrian first appearances
• Late Ordovician extinctions
• Taxa named by John William Salter