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Count Aleksander Fredro
Portrait by Aleksander Raczyński
Born	(1793-06-20)20 June 1793 Surochów near Jarosław
Died	15 July 1876(1876-07-15) (aged 83) Lwów
Language	Polish
Nationality	Polish
Notable works	Zemsta (The Revenge)

Aleksander Fredro (20 June 1793 – 15 July 1876) was a Polish poet, playwright and author active during Polish Romanticism in the period of partitions by neighboring empires. His works including plays written in the octosyllabic verse (Zemsta) and in prose (Damy i Huzary) as well as fables, belong to the canon of Polish literature. Fredro was harshly criticized by some of his contemporaries for light-hearted humor or even alleged immorality (Seweryn Goszczyński, 1835) which led to years of his literary silence. Many of Fredro's dozens of plays were published and popularized only after his death. His best-known works have been translated into English, French, German, Russian, Czech, Romanian, Hungarian and Slovak.

Biography

Count Aleksander Fredro, of the Bończa coat of arms, was born in the village of Surochów near Jarosław, then a crown territory of Austria. A landowner's son, he was educated at home. He entered the Polish army at age 16 and saw action in the Napoleonic wars, including the Moscow campaign. His memoir Topsy Turvy Talk, which echoes the style of Laurence Sterne's Tristram Shandy, recounts his military experiences during Bonaparte's last campaign. While in France in 1814, he took an active interest in French drama. After leaving the army he settled on his estate and began as a writer.

Fredro made his literary debut in 1817, but he was not interested in the problems of Romanticism. His first work was "Mąż i żona”. He wrote social comedies about the lifestyle of the Polish nobility and is known for his skill in characterization and plot, as well as the flexibility of his language. His work also features humor typical of folk theatre from the Romantic period, and a fast-paced farce with varying degrees of sophistication.

Two of Fredro's fables, The Monkey in the Bath (Małpa w kąpieli) and Paul and Gawel (Paweł i Gaweł), belong to the most popular children's stories in the country. His best-known comedy, Zemsta (The Revenge), was adapted for the screen in Poland by eminent film director Andrzej Wajda in 2002.

Fredro was the maternal grandfather of the head of the Ukrainian Catholic Church, Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky. He was commemorated on a Polish postage stamp issued in 1978.

He died on 15 July 1876 in Lviv and was buried in a family grave in Catholic Church of the Assumption of Rudky.

Comedies

• Mr. Geldhab (Pan Geldhab, written in 1818 and first performed in 1821)
• Man and Wife (Mąż i żona, performed 1812 or 1822)
• Ladies and Husars (Damy i Huzary, written in 1825)
• Mr. Jovial (Pan Jowialski, written and performed in 1832)
• Maidens' Vows, or the Magnetism of the Heart (Śluby panieńskie, czyli magnetyzm serca, performed 1833)
• The Revenge (Zemsta, written in 1833, first performed in 1834)
• The Annuity (Dożywocie, written and performed in 1835)

References

1. ^ Halina Floryńska-Lalewicz (May 2004). "Aleksander Fredro - życie i twórczość (Life and Work)" (in Polish). Olsztyńskie Towarzystwo Inicjatyw Kulturalnych - Kulturalna Polska. Retrieved December 9, 2012.

• European Authors 1000-1900. Bronx: The H. W. Wilson Company. 2000. ISBN 0-8242-0013-6.
• McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of world drama (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1984. ISBN 0-07-079169-4.

External links

• Aleksander Fredro at Culture.pl
• Aleksander Fredro collected works (Polish)

• 1793 births
• 1876 deaths
• People from Jarosław County
• Polish Roman Catholics
• Polish male poets
• Polish male dramatists and playwrights
• Knights of the Legion of Honour
• Recipients of the Virtuti Militari
• Fredro (Bończa)
• 19th-century Polish poets
• 19th-century Polish dramatists and playwrights
• 19th-century Polish male writers
• Members of the Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria
• Dramatists and playwrights from the Austrian Empire
• Polish humorists
• Polish humorous poets