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Allenby Formation
Stratigraphic range: Ypresian 52.5–48 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Alternating Princeton Chert and coal sequences
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Princeton Group, Eocene Okanagan Highlands
Sub-units	Princeton Chert, Vermillion Bluffs Shale
Overlies	Cedar Formation
Area	300 km (120 sq mi)
Thickness	1,860–2,100 m (6,100–6,890 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Shale, sandstone
Other	Coal–breccia, coal–chert
Location
Coordinates	49°22.6′N 120°32.8′W / 49.3767°N 120.5467°W / 49.3767; -120.5467
Approximate paleocoordinates	53°06′N 107°30′W / 53.1°N 107.5°W / 53.1; -107.5
Region	British Columbia
Country	Canada
Extent	Princeton Basin & Tulameen basin
Type section
Named for	Allenby, British Columbia
Named by	Shaw
Year defined	1952
Allenby Formation (Canada)Show map of CanadaAllenby Formation (British Columbia)Show map of British Columbia

The Allenby formation is a sedimentary rock formation in British Columbia which was deposited during the Ypresian stage of the Early Eocene. It consists of conglomerates, sandstones with interbedded shales and coal. The shales contain an abundance of insect, fish and plant fossils known from 1877 and onward, while the Princeton Chert was first indented in the 1950s and is known from anatomically preserved plants.

There are several notable fossil producing localities in the Princeton & Tulameen basins. Historical collection sites included Nine Mile Creek, Vermilian Bluffs, and Whipsaw Creek, while modern sites include One Mile Creek, Pleasant Valley, Thomas Ranch, and the Princeton Chert.

Extent and correlation

The Allenby is estimated to have an overall extent of approximately 300 km (120 sq mi), though actual outcroppings of the formation make up less than 1% of the formation, while other exploratory contact is via boreholes and mines. The half-graben which contains the formation is separated into two major depositional basins, the Princeton basin around Princeton, British Columbia and the Tulameen basin centered approximately 17 km (11 mi) west. The grabens extensional faults at the eastern side of the basin place the hanging wall Allenby strata in contact with much older foot wall strata of the Nicola Formation which dates to the Upper Triassic.

The Allenby Formation is the southern-most of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands lakes in British Columbia, and second most southern site after the Klondike Mountain Formation of Republic, Washington and northern Ferry County. In British Columbia, the formation is coeval to the Tranquille Formation, known from the McAbee Fossil Beds and Falkland site, the Coldwater Beds, known from the Quilchena site, and Driftwood Canyon Provincial Park. The highlands, including the Allenby Formation, have been described as one of the "Great Canadian Lagerstätten" based on the diversity, quality and unique nature of the biotas that are preserved. The highlands temperate biome preserved across a large transect of lakes recorded many of the earliest appearances of modern genera, while also documenting the last stands of ancient lines.

The warm temperate uplands floras of the Allenby Formation and the highlands, associated with downfaulted lacustrine basins and active volcanism are noted to have no exact modern equivalents, due to the more seasonally equitable conditions of the Early Eocene. However, the formation has been compared to the upland ecological islands in the Virunga Mountains within the Albertine Rift of the African rift valley.

The earliest work in the region was on exploratory expeditions in 1877 and 1878, with fossils collected in the areas of Nine-Mile Creek, Vermilian Bluffs on the Similkameen River, and Whipsaw Creek. While reporting on additional plant fossils collected from British Columbia, Penhallow (1906) noted the likely coeval status of the Princeton basins with many of the sites now considered the Okanagan Highlands. Modern collecting has centered on the areas around One Mile Creek, Pleasant Valley, and Thomas Ranch.

Age

The age estimates for the Allenby Formation have varied a number of times since the first explorations happened in the 1870s. Shaw (1952) dated the formation as Oligocene, an age followed by Arnold (1955). Half a decade later, the older age of 48 ± 2 million years old was first suggested, with a younger age being suggested at 46.2 ± 1.9 million years old in 2000 and an older date of 52.08 ± 0.12 million years ago obtained from uranium–lead dating of zircons from Vermilion Bluffs shale in 2005.

Lithology

The Allenby is composed of cyclical sedimentation events that were deposited along the course of a river-system in conjunction with depositional areas from nearby lakes and wetlands. Coeval volcanic eruptive events are recorded as interbeds of tephras and lavas, while the riverine course is marked with depositional areas of conglomerates and sandstones. The quieter environments are noted for finer layers of shales and coalified layers.

The coal seams throughout the formation are typically sub-bituminous.

Notable in conjunction with the coal seams are sections of chert which formed during silica rich periods. The rapid cyclical changes from coal to chert and back are not noted in any other fossil locality in the world. An estimated 49 coal-chert cycles are known, though the exact conditions for this process are not well understood. Silica rich volcanic episodes in the region during deposition would have been needed for formation of the cherts, while slowly moving waters and gently subsiding terrains would be needed for the peats and fens to accumulate. Rates of organic deposition in swamps have been estimated at 0.5–1 mm (0.020–0.039 in) in modern temperate climates, this suggests the time needed for each 10–20 cm (3.9–7.9 in) chert layer would be at least 100 years or more, with the full sequence of cycles taking place over no more than 15,000 years.

Palynoflora

Palynological analysis of samples from the Thomas ranch site by Dillhoff et al. (2013) resulted in the identification of 32 pollen and spore types that were assignable to family or genus level, with a total number of distinct pollen and spore types, including unassignable morphotypes, number over 70. The predominant pollens of the site are conifers, which make up between 85%–97% of the total pollens, while the angiosperm pollens are dominated by members of Betulaceae.

Several pteridophyte families and genera are represented as spore fossils alone, without corresponding megafossil records, including Lycopodiaceae, Osmundaceae, and Schizaeaceae. Similarly, at least three additional conifer genera are only present as pollen fossils and up to 12 angiosperms are present in the pollen record. Sometimes considered a Biostratgraphic index fossil, the angiosperm palynospecies Pistillipollenites macgregorii has been recovered from several sites in the Allenby Formation, while the palynospecies Erdtmanipollis pachysandroides is rare, having only been reported from the formation twice.

Compression paleobiota

A group of six mosses were described from the Allenby Formation by Kuc (1972, 1974) representing the genera Ditrichites, Hypnites and Plagiopodopsis, with two species placed in the morphogenus Muscites. Dillhoff et al. (2013) identified twelve distinct gymnosperm taxa spanning the families Cupressaceae, Ginkgoaceae, and Pinaceae. While being the minority component of the Thomas Ranch flora by total fossil numbers, angiosperms have a higher diversity, with 45 distinct morphotypes represented as foliage, reproductive structures, or both. Seventeen of the morphotypes are identifiable to genus or species, with members of the family Betulaceae being most prominent. At least common one leaf type is suggested to possibly represent an extinct plant order, but has not been described. Only two pteridophyte species have been described from the compression flora, Azolla primaeva by Penhallow (1890) and Equisetum similkamense by Dawson (1878).

The following fossil conifers, pteridophytes, ginkgophytes and bryophytes have been described from the Allenby Formation:

Bryophytes

Pteridophytes

Family	Genus	Species	Authority	Notes	Images
Equisetaceae	Equisetum	†Equisetum similkamense	Dawson	A scouring rush
Salviniaceae	Azolla	†Azolla primaeva	(Penhallow) Arnold	A mosquito fern First described as Azollophyllum primaevum

Gingkophytes

Family	Genus	Species	Authority	Notes	Images
Ginkgoaceae	Ginkgo	Ginkgo biloba	Linnaeus	A ginkgo
Ginkgoaceae	Ginkgo	†Ginkgo dissecta	Mustoe, 2002	A ginkgo with highly dissected leaves

Pinophytes

Family	Genus	Species	Authority	Notes	Images
Cupressaceae	Chamaecyparis	†Chamaecyparis linguaefolia	(Lesquereux) MacGinitie	A false cypress
Cupressaceae	Metasequoia	†Metasequoia occidentalis	(Newberry) Chaney	A dawn redwood First identified as "Sequoia" brevifolia, "S." heeri. "S." langsdorfii (in part), "S." nordenskiöldi, & Taxodium distichum miocenum (in part)
Cupressaceae	Sequoia	†Sequoia affinis	Lesquereux	A redwood
Cupressaceae	Taxodium	†Taxodium dubium	(Sternberg) Heer	A bald cypress First identified as "Sequoia" angustifolia, "S." langsdorfii (in part), & Taxodium distichum miocenum (in part)
Pinaceae	Abies	†Abies milleri	Shorn & Wehr, 1986	Oldest true fir described
Pinaceae	Picea	Undescribed	Miller	A spruce Not described to species
Pinaceae	Pinus	†Pinus latahensis	Berry	A 5-needle pine
Pinaceae	Pinus	†Pinus monticolensis	Berry	A pinaceous winged seed
Pinaceae	Pinus	†Pinus trunculus	Dawson, 1890	A 3-needle pine
Pinaceae	Pinus	†Pinus tulameenensis	Penhallow	A 5-needle pine
Pinaceae	Pseudolarix	Pseudolarix amabilis	(J.Nelson) Rehder	A golden larch Originally identified as Pseudolarix americana, then as Pseudolarix arnoldii
Pinaceae	Pseudolarix	†Pseudolarix wehrii	Gooch	A golden larch

Angiosperms

Family	Genus	Species	Authority	Notes	Images
Anacardiaceae	Rhus	†Rhus malloryi	Wolfe & Wehr	A sumac
Amaryllidaceae	†Paleoallium	†Paleoallium billgenseli	Pigg, Bryan, & DeVore	An onion relative
Araceae	Orontium	†Orontium wolfei	Bogner, Johnson, Kvaček & Upchurch	A golden-club
Betulaceae	Alnus	†Alnus parvifolia	(Berry) Wolfe & Wehr	An Alder
Betulaceae	Betula	†Betula leopoldae	Wolfe & Wehr	A birch
Betulaceae	†Palaeocarpinus	†Palaeocarpinus stonebergae	Pigg, Manchester, & Wehr	A coryloid genus
Cercidiphyllaceae	Cercidiphyllum	†Cercidiphyllum obtritum	(Dawson) Wolfe & Wehr	A katsura
Fagaceae	†Fagopsis	†Fagopsis undulata	(Knowlton) Wolfe & Wehr	A beech
Fagaceae	Fagus	Undescribed		A beech species Not described to species
Grossulariaceae	Ribes	Undescribed		A gooseberry species Not described
Hamamelidaceae	Fothergilla	†Fothergilla malloryi	Radtke, Pigg & Wehr	A winter-hazel species
Juglandaceae	Pterocarya	Undescribed		A wingnut Not described to species
Lauraceae	Lindera	Undescribed		A laural species Not described to species
Lauraceae	Sassafras	†Sassafras hesperia	Berry	A laural species
Malvaceae	Florissantia	Undescribed		An extinct sterculioid flower Not described to species
Myricaceae	Comptonia	†Comptonia columbiana	Dawson	A sweet fern
Nyssaceae	†Tsukada	†Tsukada davidiifolia	Wolfe & Wehr	A dove-tree relative
Platanaceae	Macginicarpa	Undescribed	Manchester	A sycamore morphospecies
Platanaceae	†Macginitiea	†Macginitiea gracilis	(Lesquereux) Wolfe & Wehr	A sycamore
Rosaceae	Amelanchier	Unidentified		A service berry Not described
Rosaceae	Neviusia	†Neviusia dunthornei	DeVore, Moore, Pigg, & Wehr	A snow wreath
Rosaceae	†Stonebergia	†Stonebergia columbiana	Wolfe & Wehr	A Sorbarieae genus
Sapindaceae	Acer	†Acer princetonense	Wolfe & Tanai	A maple
Sapindaceae	Acer	†Acer rousei	Wolfe & Tanai	A maple
Sapindaceae	Acer	†Acer stockeyae	Wolfe & Tanai	A maple
Sapindaceae	Acer	†Acer stewarti	Wolfe & Tanai	A maple
Sapindaceae	Acer	†Acer stonebergae	Wolfe & Tanai	A maple
Sapindaceae	Acer	†Acer toradense	Wolfe & Tanai	A maple
Sapindaceae	Acer	†Acer wehri	Wolfe & Tanai	A maple
Sapindaceae	Dipteronia	†Dipteronia brownii	McClain and Manchester	A Dipteronia species
Trochodendraceae	Tetracentron	†Tetracentron hopkinsii	Pigg et al.	A Tetracentron relative
Trochodendraceae	Zizyphoides	Undescribed		A trochodendraceous species Not described
Ulmus	Ulmus	†Ulmus okanaganensis	Denk & Dillhoff	An elm
Urticaceae	Cf. Urticeae	Undescribed		A nettle not described to genus First identified as Rubus
Incertae sedis	†Chaneya	†Chaneya tenuis	(Lesquereux) Wang & Manchester	A sapindalean flower of uncertain affiliations

Mollusks

Insects

Coleopterans

Family	Genus	Species	Authority	Notes	Images
Cantharidae	Unidentified	Unidentified		A soldier beetle not identified to genus or species
Carabidae?	Unidentified	Unidentified		A caraboid superfamily beetle Displays traits similar to both Cicindelidae and Carabidae not identified to genus or species
Chrysomelidae	†Cryptocephalites	†Cryptocephalites punctatus	Scudder, 1895	A leaf beetle
Chrysomelidae	Galerucella	†Galerucella picea	Scudder, 1879	A leaf beetle
Elateridae	Cryptohypnus?	†Cryptohypnus? terrestris	Scudder, 1879	A click beetle
Elateridae	Elaterites	Undescribed	Scudder, 1895	A click beetle Not described to species
Elateridae	Limonius	†Limonius impunctus	Scudder, 1895	A wireworm click beetle
Tenebrionidae	Tenebrio	†Tenebrio primigenius	Scudder, 1879	A darkling beetle
Trogidae	Trox	†Trox oustaleti	Scudder, 1879	A hide beetle

Dipterans

Family	Genus	Species	Authority	Notes	Images
Bibionidae	Penthetria	†Penthetria? fryi	Rice, 1959	A marchfly
Bibionidae	Penthetria	†Penthetria whipsawensis	Rice, 1959	A marchfly
Bibionidae	Plecia	†Plecia avus	(Handlirsch, 1910)	A marchfly First described as Penthetria avus (1910), moved to Plecia avus (1959)
Bibionidae	Plecia	†Plecia canadensis	(Handlirsh, 1910)	A marchfly First described as Penthetria canadensis (1910), moved to Plecia canadensis (1959)
Bibionidae	Plecia	†Plecia curtula	(Handlirsch, 1910)	A marchfly First described as Penthetria curtula (1910), moved to Plecia curtula (1959) Senior synonym of Penthetria avunculus (1959)
Bibionidae	Plecia	†Plecia dilatata	(Handlirsch, 1910)	A marchfly First described as Penthetria dilatata (1910), moved to Plecia dilatata (1959)
Bibionidae	Plecia	†Plecia elatior	(Handlirsch, 1910)	A marchfly First described as Penthetria elatior (1910), moved to Plecia elatior (1959)
Bibionidae	Plecia	†Plecia minutula	Rice, 1959	A marchfly
Bibionidae	Plecia	†Plecia nana	(Handlirsh, 1910)	A marchfly First described as Penthetria nana (1910), moved to Plecia nana (1959)
Bibionidae	Plecia	†Plecia pictipennis	(Handlirsh, 1910)	A marchfly First described as Penthetria pictipennis (1910), moved to Plecia pictipennis (1959) Penthetria lambei (1910), Penthetria ovalis (1910), & Penthetria separanda (1910) considered junior synonyms (1959)
Bibionidae	Plecia	†Plecia pulchra	(Handlirsch, 1910)	A marchfly First described as Penthetria pulchra (1910), moved to Plecia pulchra (1959)
Bibionidae	Plecia	†Plecia pulla	(Handlirsh, 1910)	A marchfly First described as Penthetria pulla (1910), moved to Plecia pulla (1959) Penthetria brevipes (1910) considered a junior synonym (1959)
Bibionidae	Plecia	†Plecia reducta	(Handlirsh, 1910)	A marchfly First described as Penthetria reducta (1910), moved to Plecia reducta (1959)
Bibionidae	Plecia	†Plecia similkameena	(Scudder, 1879)	A marchfly First described as Penthetria similkameena (1879), moved to Plecia similkameena (1959)
Bibionidae	Plecia	†Plecia transitoria	(Handlirsh, 1910)	A marchfly First described as Penthetria transitoria (1910), moved to Plecia transitoria (1959) Penthetria falcatula (1910) & Penthetria fragmentum (1910) considered junior synonyms (1959)
Bibionidae	Plecia	†Plecia tulameenensis	Rice, 1959	A marchfly
Dolichopodidae	†Microphor	†Microphor defunctus	(Handlirsch, 1910)	A long-legged fly First described as Microphorus defunctus (1910), moved to Microphor defunctus (1994)
Ptychopteridae	†Etoptychoptera	†Etoptychoptera tertiaria	Handlirsh, 1909	A phantom cranefly
Tipulidae	Tipula	†Tipula tulameena	(Handlirsh, 1910)	A cranefly

Hemipterans

Family	Genus	Species	Authority	Notes	Images
Aphrophoridae	Aphrophora	†Aphrophora angusta	Handlirsch, 1910	A spittlebug
Aphrophoridae	†Palaeoptysma	†Palaeoptysma venosa	Scudder, 1895	A spittlebug
Aphrophoridae	Palaphrodes	Undescribed	Scudder, 1895	A spittlebug Not described to species
Aphrophoridae	†Ptysmaphora	†Ptysmaphora fletcheri	Scudder, 1895	A spittlebug
Cercopidae	Cercopis	†Cercopis grandescens	Scudder, 1895	A froghopper
Cercopidae	Cercopis	†Cercopis selwyni	Scudder, 1879	A froghopper
Cercopidae	†Cercopites	†Cercopites torpescens	Scudder, 1895	A froghopper
Cercopidae	†Dawsonites	†Dawsonites veter	Scudder, 1895	A froghopper
Cercopidae	Palecphora	Undescribed	Scudder, 1895	A froghopper Not described to species
Cercopidae	†Stenecphora	†Stenecphora punctulata	Scudder, 1895	A froghopper
Cercopidae	†Stenolocris	†Stenolocris venosa	Scudder, 1895	A froghopper
Cicadellidae	Coelidia	†Coelidia columbiana	Scudder, 1879	A leafhopper
Fulgoridae	†Enchophora	Undescribed	Scudder, 1895	A fulgorid plant hopper Not described to species
Gerridae	†Telmatrechus	†Telmatrechus stali	(Scudder, 1879)	A gerrine water strider First described as Hygrotrechus stali (1879), moved to Telmatrechus stali (1895)
incertae sedis	†Planophlebia	†Planophlebia gigantea	Scudder, 1879	A hemipteran of uncertain placement

Hymenopterans

Archibald, Mathewes, & Aase (2023) reported a Titanomyrma species ant queen from the Vermillion Bluffs site, and noted the range extension for Formiciinae into the highlands, as the subfamily was previously considered a strictly thermophilic ant group. Due to complications arising from preservational distortion during diagenesis, they were unable to determine the correct size of the queen in life. If the distortion was lateral, then compression to bilateral symmetry yielded an adult length of approximately 3.3 cm (1.3 in), placing it the same range as Formicium berryi and F. brodiei, known only from wings, and sugg4ested as possible males. Conversely stretching the fossil to bilateral symmetry results in a larger 5 cm (2.0 in) length estimate, placing it as comparable to queens of T. lubei and T. simillima.

Family	Genus	Species	Authority	Notes	Images
Braconidae	Bracon	Undescribed		A braconid wasp Not described to species
Formicidae	†Titanomyrma	Indeterminate		A formiciine titan ant Unplaced to species.
Ichneumonidae	Xorides	†Xorides lambei	(Handlirsch, 1910)	A xoridine ichneumon parasitic wasp First named Xylonomus lambei (1910)
Tenthredinidae	Eriocampa	†Eriocampa tulameenensis	Rice, 1968	A tenthredinid sawfly

Mecopterans

Neuropterans

Family	Genus	Species	Authority	Notes	Images
Ithonidae	†Ricaniella	†Ricaniella antiquata	(Scudder, 1895)	A Polystoechotid-group giant lacewing First described as Ricania antiquata (1895), moved to Ricaniella antiquata (1897)

Odonata

Family	Genus	Species	Authority	Notes	Images
Aeshnidae	Indeterminate	Indeterminate		A daner dragonfly Wing too incomplete to determine genus affiliation.
Cf. †Dysagrionidae	†Allenbya	†Allenbya holmesae	Archibald & Cannings, 2022	A possible Dysagrionidae odonate. Not to be confused with the Princeton Chert waterlily Allenbya

Raphidiopterans

Vertebrates

Family	Genus	Species	Authors	Notes	Images
Amiidae	Cf. Amia	†"Amia" hesperia	Wilson, 1982	A bowfin
Aves incertae sedis	Unidentified	Unidentified	Mayr et al., 2019	Indeterminate feathers and a skeleton
Catostomidae	†Wilsonium	†Wilsonium brevipinne.	(Cope, 1893)	A catostomid sucker Originally described as Amyzon brevipinne Moved to Wilsonium in 2021
†Esthonychidae	†Trogosus	†Trogosus latidens	(Marsh, 1874)	A tillodont species
Hiodontidae	Hiodon	†Hiodon rosei	(Hussakof, 1916)	A mooneye First described as "Lucious" rosei (1916), moved to Eohiodon rosei in 1966, moved to Hiodon rosei in 2008
†Libotoniidae	†Libotonius	†Libotonius blakeburnensis	Wilson, 1977	A percopsiform fish
Salmonidae	†Eosalmo	†Cf. Eosalmo driftwoodensis	Wilson, 1977	An ancestral salmon
Trionychidae	Cf. Apalone	Undescribed		A soft shelled turtle Not described to species

Princeton Chert biota

The Princeton chert biota is unique in the Allenby formation due to the silicification of the chert, which has resulted in cellular and anatomical preservation of the organisms. As of 2016 over 30 different plant taxa had been described from chert fossils along with a number of fungal species.

Fungi

Ferns

Conifers

Angiosperms

References

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2. ^ Dillhoff, R.M.; Dillhoff, T.A.; Greenwood, D.R.; DeVore, M.L.; Pigg, K.B. (2013). "The Eocene Thomas Ranch flora, Allenby Formation, Princeton, British Columbia, Canada". Botany. 91 (8): 514–529. doi:10.1139/cjb-2012-0313.
3. Greenwood, D.R.; Pigg, K.B.; Basinger, J.F.; DeVore, M.L. (2016). "A review of paleobotanical studies of the Early Eocene Okanagan (Okanogan) Highlands floras of British Columbia, Canada, and Washington, U.S.A." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 53 (6): 548–564. Bibcode:2016CaJES..53..548G. doi:10.1139/cjes-2015-0177. hdl:1807/71961.
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• Allenby Formation
• Sandstone formations of Canada
• Shale formations
• Coal formations
• Coal in Canada
• Lacustrine deposits