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Almería
Municipality
AlcazabaCable InglésPanoramic viewCity HallCathedral
FlagCoat of arms
Motto(s): "Muy noble, muy leal y decidida por la libertad: ciudad de Almería" (Very noble, very loyal and determined towards freedom: city of Almería)
Location of Almería
Coordinates: 36°50′30″N 2°27′50″W / 36.84167°N 2.46389°W / 36.84167; -2.46389
Country	Spain
Region	Andalusia
Province	Almería
Comarca	Comarca Metropolitana de Almería
Founded	955
Founded by	Abd-ar-Rahman III
Government
• Body	Ayuntamiento de Almería
• Mayor	Ramón Fernández-Pacheco (PP)
Area
• Total	12.36 km (4.77 sq mi)
Elevation	24 m (79 ft)
Highest elevation	1,387 m (4,551 ft)
Lowest elevation	0 m (0 ft)
Population
• Total	196,851
• Density	16,000/km (41,000/sq mi)
Demonyms	almerienses, urcitanos
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code	04001-04090
Area code	(+34) 950
Vehicle registration	AL
Website	http://www.aytoalmeria.es (in Spanish)

Almería (UK: /ˌælməˈriːə/, US also /ˌɑːl-/, Spanish: [almeˈɾi.a] ) is a city and municipality of Spain, located in Andalusia. It is the capital of the province of the same name. It lies in southeastern Iberia on the Mediterranean Sea. Caliph Abd al-Rahman III founded the city in 955. The city grew wealthy during the Islamic era, becoming a world city throughout the 11th and 12th centuries. It enjoyed an active port that traded silk, oil, and raisins. Being adjacent to a small desert, Almería has an exceptionally dry climate by European standards.

Etymology

The name "Almería" comes from the city's former Arabic name, Madīnat al-Mariyya, meaning "city of the watchtower". As the settlement was originally the port or coastal suburb of Pechina, it was initially known as Mariyyat al-Bajjāna (Bajjāna being the Arabic name for Pechina).

History

The origin of Almería is connected to the 9th-century establishment of the so-called Republic of Pechina (Bajjana) some kilometres to the north, which was for a time autonomous from the Cordobese central authority: the settlement of current-day Almería initially developed as a humble trading port of Pechina known as Al-Mariyya Bajjana. Pechina and its maritime port experienced divergent fortunes, and while the former progressively depopulated, the latter became the base of the Caliphal navy after 933, during the rule of Abd-ar-Rahman III. Furthermore, in 955, Abd-ar-Rahman III decided to erect the walls. A silk industry consisting of hundreds of looms and feeding itself from the mulberry trees planted in the region, fostered Almería's economy. Almería also became an important slave trade hub during the caliphal period.

In the wake of the collapse of the Caliphate of Córdoba in the early 11th century, Almería detached from Cordobese authority towards 1014 and became ruled as an independent taifa under Slavic kinglets. It submitted to the Taifa of Valencia in 1038, yet it soon became independent as a new taifa, ruled by the Arab Banu Sumadih until 1091, when it fell to Almoravid control. This allowed the city's economy to insert itself into the trade networks of the Almoravid empire. Building upon the previous development during the caliphal period, Almería reached a degree of historical relevance unmatched in the rest of its history throughout the 11th and 12th centuries, becoming the third-largest city of Al-Andalus. Almería imported indigo dye and wool from the Maghreb and linen from Egypt, while it exported copper to Fez and Tlemcen as well as its highly sought textiles.

Contested by the emirs of Granada and Valencia, Almería experienced many sieges, including one especially fierce siege when Christians, called to the Second Crusade by Pope Eugene III, were also encouraged to counter the Muslim forces on a more familiar coast. On that occasion Alfonso VII, starting on 11 July 1147, at the head of mixed armies of Catalans, Genoese, Pisans and Franks, led a crusade against the rich city, and Almería was captured on 17 October 1147, marking the breakup of the city's period of splendor in the Middle Ages.

Within a decade, in 1157, Almería had passed to the control of Muslim Almohad rulers. Almería soon passed by the temporary overarching control of rebel Murcian emir Ibn Mardanish (1165–1169), hindering the early efforts of recovery in the city, that under the decade of Christian occupation reportedly had been left depopulated and, by and large, quite destroyed. During Almohad rule, the city did not return to its previous splendor, although the port remained trading with the Crown of Aragon and the Italian republics.

Following the rebellion against Almohad rule heralded by the likes of the Banu Hud and the Banu Mardanis, Almería submitted to the authority of Ibn Hud, who had raised the black banner and pledged nominal allegiance to Abbasid authorities by 1228. After Ibn Hud's assassination in Almería in 1238, the bulk of the remaining Muslim-controlled territories in the Iberian Peninsula passed to the control of rival ruler Ibn al-Aḥmar (sultan since 1232), who had set the capital of his emirate in Granada by 1238, constituting the Emirate of Granada, to which Almería belonged from then on. While relatively languishing throughout the Nasrid period, Almería still remained a key strategic port of the emirate together with Málaga, as well as a haven for pirates and political dissidents. It sustained intense trading relations with Aragon and the African port of Honaine. Almería endured a brutal siege by Aragonese forces in 1309 that, while eventually unsuccessful, left the city battered.

The city submitted to the sovereignty of the Catholic Monarchs on 22 December 1489. Relatively isolated and within the range of attacks from Barbary pirates, the hitherto mercantile city entered modernity by undergoing a process of heavy ruralization that imperiled its very same continued existence as a city.

Historically, there was a Jewish community in Almería dating to the 10th century, where members of the community mostly engaged in maritime trade. When the Jews were expelled in 1492, many living in Almería fled to North Africa.

The 16th century was for Almería a century of natural and human catastrophes; for there were at least four earthquakes, of which the one in 1522 was especially violent, devastating the city. The people who had remained Muslim were expelled from Almería after the War of Las Alpujarras in 1568 and scattered across the Crown of Castile. Landings and attacks by Barbary pirates were also frequent in the 16th century, and continued until the early 18th century. At that time, huge iron mines were discovered and French and British companies set up business in the area, bringing renewed prosperity and returning Almería to a position of relative importance within Spain.

During the Spanish Civil War the city was shelled by the German Navy, with news reaching the London and Parisian press about the "criminal bombardment of Almería by German planes". Almería surrendered in 1939, being the last Andalusian main city to fall to Francoist forces.

In the second half of the 20th century, Almería witnessed spectacular economic growth due to tourism and intensive agriculture, with crops grown year-round in massive invernaderos – plastic-covered "greenhouses" – for intensive vegetable production.

After Franco's death and popular approval of the new Spanish Constitution, the people of southern Spain were called on to approve an autonomous status for Andalusia region in a referendum. The referendum were approved with 118,186 votes for and 11,092 votes against in Almería province, which represented 42% of all registered voters.

Main sights

• The Alcazaba, a medieval fortress that was begun in the 10th century but destroyed by an earthquake in 1522. It includes a triple line of walls, a majestic keep and large gardens. It commands a city quarter with buildings dressed in pastel colors, of Muslim-age aspect. It is the second largest among the Muslim fortresses of Andalusia, after the Alhambra.
• Almería air raid shelters, underground galleries for civilian protection during the Spanish Civil War, currently the longest in Europe open for tourists.
• The Cathedral has a fortress-like appearance due to its towers, merlons and protected paths, created to defend it from Mediterranean pirates. Originally designated as a mosque, it was later converted into a Christian church, before being destroyed in the 1522 earthquake. In the 16th century it was rebuilt in the Renaissance style, whilst keeping some of its defensive features.
• Renaissance church of Santiago, built in 1533, with tower and portal decorated with reliefs.
• Chanca, a group of houses carved into rocks.
• Castle of San Cristobal, now in ruins. It is connected to the Alcazaba by a line of walls.
• Museum of Almería. Includes findings from Prehistoric, Iberic, Roman, Greek ages and Muslim objects, mostly from the Alcazaba.
• Paseo de Coches, a modern seaside promenade with gardens and palms.
• Cable Inglés (English Pier), 1904 iron railway pier built to transfer iron ore, copper, and silver produced by British- and French-run mines in Granada from trains to waiting cargo ships.

• Cable Inglés, at night
• Alcazaba of Almería
• The ancient walls of Jayrán
• The statue of San Cristóbal
• The former train station

Demographics

People and culture

Famous natives of Almería include Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso, who in 1873 was the third president of the First Spanish Republic, as well as several musicians, including the composer José Padilla Sánchez, whose music was declared of "universal interest" by Unesco in 1989, the popular folk singer Manolo Escobar, renowned Flamenco guitar player José Tomás "Tomatito" and Grammy Award winner David Bisbal; the champion motorcyclist Antonio Maeso moved to Almería as a child.

The Irish folk-rock group The Pogues paid tribute to Almería in "Fiesta", a song on the band's third album, If I Should Fall from Grace with God.

In 1989, English electronic band Depeche Mode filmed the video for their song "Personal Jesus" in Almería.

Tourism increased and hotels were all occupied from January to February during the filming of the sixth season of the TV series Game of Thrones.

Sports

Almería hosted the Mediterranean Games in 2005. The city has two football teams: UD Almería, which was promoted to La Liga, the top tier of Spanish football, in 2022, and CP Almería, which plays in the División de Honor, the sixth tier.

The Plaza de toros de Almería is the main bullring in Almería. It has a capacity of 10,000 and it opened in 1882.

Films

Economy

Intensive agriculture has been the most important economic sector of Almería for the last 50 years. Nowadays, greenhouse's production, handling and commercialisation of vegetables, and the supply industry of the sector, represent almost 40% of Almería's GDP. Directly, agricultural production accounts for 18.2% of the provincial GDP. In Andalusia, the average contribution is 6.6% and in Spain it is only 2.9%.

This situation is the result of a great dynamic model, which can continually incorporate new technologies: using soil sanding, plastic covers, drip irrigation systems, hybrid seeds, soil-less cultivation, irrigation programs, new greenhouse structures, and so on. They all allowed to improve production and increase commercialisation calendars, assuring the profitability and quality of the crops and the competitiveness of the markets. Moreover, Almería's economy has an important exporting function: 75% of production was sold abroad in 2018, with a value of 2.400 million euros.

This development is explained by familiar investment, as subsidies have been limited or non-existent. In this sense, the horticultural sector receives the least European aids from the Common Agricultural Policy: 1.9% of total income. This figure is much lower than that received by other sectors such as olive groves (33%) or cereals (53%).

The production of this area is based on a fair competition with officially a just remuneration of employees, with similar salaries than the ones in the same sector in Europe: 8% higher than Italy and 11% than Belgium. This avoids the social dumping exerted by non-EU countries, like Morocco, with salaries up to 90% lower than those of Almería. However, there is well-documented widespread exploitation of workers from North Africa who work and live in terrible conditions, earning much lower than the minimum wage.

From a social point of view, Almería and Granada are an example of family-owned and smallholder agriculture, with small farms and little concentration of land. This social nature generates high equity in the level of income and welfare, that is, social cohesion is produced, and inequality is reduced. Concretely, Almería is made up of 12,500 farms with an extension of 2,5 hectares and a 30% of familiar labour. It is also important the high education levels of the farmers, who shows an innovative and receptive character when it comes to continuing learning: 81,2% have some type of official academic training.

At the same time, a commercial system based on social economy enterprises has been developed, e.g. as cooperative societies. These companies represent the 62% of production and sales. They assure the access to the market in optimal conditions, because they increase its position inside the agri-food supply chain, facilitate financing, technical advice, and incorporation of technology. Moreover, local ties increase environmental sustainability.

Transport

By land, Almería can be reached by the A-7 Mediterranean Highway, which connects the Mediterranean area with the Spanish A-92 that unites it with the rest of Andalusia. Almería railway station is served by Renfe Operadora with direct rail services to Granada, and Madrid Atocha using a branch off the Alcázar de San Juan–Cádiz railway; the Linares Baeza–Almería railway. In the future, high-speed rail AVE services will link Almería to Madrid via Murcia. The central railway station has been closed for several months and it is not known exactly when it will re-open. Passengers currently start their journey by being bussed a few kilometres to Huercal de Almería station.

By sea, the port of Almería has connections to Melilla, Algeria, Morocco, and tourist cruises in the Mediterranean. It also has a marina with moorings for pleasure boats. Currently the port of Almería is being expanded with new docks and transformed into a container port to take large-scale international shipping and thereby increase its freight traffic. It normally connects with the following destinations:

• Acciona: Ghazaouet (Algeria), Oran (Algeria), Nador (Morocco) and Melilla.
• Comarit: Nador.
• Comanav: Nador.

By air, Almería is served by Almería Airport, the fourth largest in Andalusia. The winter timetable includes flights to Madrid, Barcelona, Melilla, London, and Seville, with international connections to Manchester, Birmingham, Brussels, Dublin and Swiss, German and other EU airports being added during the summer.

• Almería rail station
• Harbour of Almería

Geography

Due to its arid landscape, numerous Spaghetti Westerns were filmed in Almería and some of the sets still remain as a tourist attraction. These sets are located in the desert of Tabernas. The town and region were also used by David Lean in Lawrence of Arabia (1962), John Milius in The Wind and the Lion (1975) and others.

One of Almería's most famous natural spots is the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park. This park is of volcanic origin, and is the largest and most ecologically significant marine-terrestrial space in the European Western Mediterranean Sea. The Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park runs through the municipal areas of Níjar, Almerimar and Carboneras. Its villages, previously dedicated to fishing, have become tourism spots. The beaches of Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park are also an attraction.

Almería has one islet that it administers as a part of its territory in the Alboran Sea, Alboran Island. The island has a small cemetery, a harbor, and a lighthouse, built in the 19th century.

Climate

According to the Köppen climate classification, Almería has a transitional climate between hot semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSh) and a hot desert climate (Köppen BWh). Almería is the driest city in Europe and it is the only one with a hot desert climate, starting in the south-eastern outskirts of the city (still inside the municipality of Almería) until the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park located east of the city.

The BWh climate is present in the city of Almería, in nearby areas of Almería province (such as the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park, the Andarax/Almanzora river valleys), the only region in Europe to have this climate. This arid climatic region spreads along the coastline around Almería to Torrevieja, in the northeast. The nearby Faro del Cabo in the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park, has the lowest annual precipitation on the European continent (156 millimetres (6.1 in)) in the period 1961-1990 and around 140 millimetres (5.5 in) since 2010. Almería enjoys about 3,000 hours of sunshine with over 320 sunny days per year on average (6 hours of sunshine in January and 12 in July) so it is one of the sunniest cities in Europe.

Almería is the only city in Continental Europe that has never registered any temperature below freezing in its recorded weather history. The coldest temperature recorded was 0.1 °C (32.2 °F) at the airport in January 2005. Before that, the previous record was 0.2 °C (32.4 °F) on 9 February 1935. Settled snow is unknown since 1935, although during the 20th century, light flurries (without settling) occurred on few occasions. The most important settled snowfall event occurred in 1926 and the snow arrived even at the coastline of the city. The last event with settled snowfall happened on 9 February 1935.

During the winter, daily maximum temperatures tend to stay around 17–18 °C (63–64 °F). At night, the minimum temperature is usually around 8–10 °C (46–50 °F). This makes the city of Almería one of the warmest in winter in Spain. The city only receives yearly precipitation of just 200 mm (7.9 in) and 26 days of precipitation annually; so while no month could be described as truly wet, there are strong seasonal differences in terms of precipitation and temperature, with coastal parts of the city (such as the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park) receiving a precipitation amount of 156 mm (6.1 in), and an annual temperature of 19.1 °C (66.4 °F), while mountainous areas (such as the Tabernas Desert) receive a precipitation amount of 220 mm (8.7 in) per year, and an average temperature of 17.9 °C (64.2 °F), so it would be classified as a cold desert climate (BWk) bordering a cold semi-arid climate (BSk).

Inland areas of the Almería province are believed to have reached temperatures above 45 °C (113 °F) in summer. Though temperatures above 40 °C (104 °F) are very rare in the city of Almería.

During the summer, the skies are usually sunny and almost no rainfall occurs. The typical daily temperatures are around 30 °C (86 °F) during the day while the minimum temperatures stay around 22 °C (72 °F) during July and August. As is the case for most of coastal Iberia, heatwaves in Almería are much less common than in the interior because of its coastal location; The hottest temperature recorded was 42.0 °C (107.6 °F) in August 2022. The highest minimum temperature ever recorded was 33.2 °C (91.8 °F) on 31 July 2001, which is also the highest ever recorded in peninsular Spain and Iberian Peninsula.

Crystal cave

In 2000, a team of geologists found a cave filled with giant gypsum crystals in an abandoned silver mine near Almería. The cavity, which measures 8 by 1.8 by 1.7 metres (26.2 ft × 5.9 ft × 5.6 ft), may be the largest geode ever found. The entrance of the cave was blocked by five tons of rocks, and was under police protection (to prevent looters from entering). According to geological models, the cave was formed during the Messinian salinity crisis 6 million years ago, when the Mediterranean sea evaporated and left thick layers of salt sediments (evaporites). The site is currently open for tourists under guided tours.

Festivities

The festive events that occur in the municipality are listed below:

• Carnival
• Holy Week
• Cruces de mayo
• Saint Joan's Eve

Notable people

• Said al-Andalusi (1029–1070), mathematician, astronomer and philosopher
• José Torres "Tomatito" (born 1958), flamenco guitar player
• Lita Baron (1923–2015), actress, singer and dancer, born in Almería
• David Bisbal (born 1979), Grammy Award winner
• Francisco Losada (1612–1667), composer
• Nieves Navarro (born 1938), actress
• Manuel Lao Hernández, founder of Cirsa, Spain's largest casino operator
• Rosa García-Malea López (born 1981), first female fighter pilot in the Spanish Air Force
• Juan Martínez Oliver (born 1964), road bicycle racer
• Eduardo del Pino Vicente, journalist and writer
• Chus Lampreave (1930–2016), actress who died in Almería
• Jimena Quirós (1899–1983), Spanish scientist, considered the first female oceanographer in the country and the first female staff scientist of the Spanish Institute for Oceanography (IEO)

See also

• Helianthemum almeriense

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Notes

1. Unsettled snow flurries were recorded on 1940, 1941, 1945, 1946, 1949, 1954 and 1956

Sources

• Aziz Salem, Abdel (1979–1980). "Algunos aspectos del florecimiento económico de Almería islámica durante el período de los taifas y de los almorávides" (PDF). Revista del Instituto Egipcio de Estudios Islámicos (20): 7–22. ISSN 1132-3485.
• Mazzoli-Guintard, Christine (May 2016). "Almería, ¿ciudad-mundo en los siglos XI y XII?". Carolvs, Homenaje a Friedrich Edelmayer. Alcalá la Real: Ayuntamiento de Alcalá la Real. pp. 241–249. ISBN 978-84-89014-76-3.
• Melo Carrasco, Diego (2019). "El sultanato Nazarí de Granada y la frontera (S. XIII-XV)". Revista Encrucijada Americana. 11 (2). Santiago: Universidad Alberto Hurtado. ISSN 0719-3432.
• Molina López, Eduardo (1990). "Almería en la etapa Nasri (siglos XIII al XV). Estado de la cuestión, balance y perspectivas" (PDF). Almería entre culturas: (siglos XIII-XVI). Vol. 1. Instituto de Estudios Almerienses de la Diputación de Almería. pp. 15–68. ISBN 84-86862-43-4.
• Rogers, Clifford J. (2010). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology: Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195334036.
• Sánchez Sedano, María del Pilar (1985). "Inventario de arquitectura musulmana en la provincia de Almería" (PDF). Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Almerienses. Letras (5): 163–188. ISSN 0211-7541.
• Viguera Molins, María Jesús (2014). "Los reinos de taifas y el reino aftasí" (PDF). In Zozaya Stabel-Hansen, Juan; Kurtz Schaefer, Guillermo S. (eds.). Estudios sobre el reino aftasí. Badajoz: Consejería de Educación y Cultura. Junta de Extremadura. ISBN 978-84-9852-429-1.

External links

• Postal codes in Almería

Articles related to Almería

v t e Municipalities of the province of Almería Abla Abrucena Adra Alboloduy Albox Albanchez Alcolea Alcóntar Alcudia de Monteagud Alhabia Alhama de Almería Alicún Almería Almócita Alsodux Antas Arboleas Armuña de Almanzora Bacares Balanegra Bayárcal Bayarque Bédar Beires Benahadux Benitagla Benizalón Bentarique Berja Canjáyar Cantoria Carboneras Castro de Filabres Chercos Cóbdar Chirivel Cuevas del Almanzora Dalías El Ejido Enix Felix Fines Fiñana Fondón Gádor Los Gallardos Garrucha Gérgal Huécija Huércal de Almería Huércal-Overa Íllar Instinción Laroya Lubrín Lucainena de Las Torres Laujar de Andarax Líjar Lúcar Macael María Mojácar La Mojonera Nacimiento Níjar Ohanes Olula de Castro Olula del Río Oria Padules Partaloa Paterna del Río Pechina Pulpí Purchena Rágol Rioja Roquetas de Mar Santa Cruz de Marchena Santa Fe de Mondújar Senés Serón Sierro Somontín Sorbas Suflí Tabernas Taberno Tahal Terque Tíjola Las Tres Villas Turre Turrillas Uleila del Campo Urrácal Velefique Vélez-Blanco Vélez-Rubio Vera Viator Vícar Zurgena v t e Capitals of provinces of Spain A Coruña Albacete Alicante Almería Ávila Badajoz Barcelona Bilbao Burgos Cáceres Cádiz Castellón de la Plana Ciudad Real Córdoba Cuenca Girona Granada Guadalajara Huelva Huesca Jaén Logroño Las Palmas León Lleida Lugo Madrid Málaga Murcia Ourense Oviedo Palencia Palma de Mallorca Pamplona Pontevedra Salamanca San Sebastián Santander Santa Cruz de Tenerife Segovia Seville Soria Tarragona Teruel Toledo Valencia Valladolid Vitoria-Gasteiz Zamora Zaragoza v t e Cities in Spain by population 1,000,000+ Madrid Barcelona 500,000 - 999,999 Valencia Seville Zaragoza Málaga 300,000 - 499,999 Murcia Palma Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Bilbao Alicante Cordoba 200,000 - 299,999 Valladolid Vigo Gijón L'Hospitalet de Llobregat A Coruña Vitoria-Gasteiz Granada Elche Oviedo Badalona Cartagena Terrassa Jerez de la Frontera Sabadell Santa Cruz de Tenerife Móstoles Alcalá de Henares 100,000 - 199,999 Pamplona Fuenlabrada Almería Leganés San Sebastián Burgos Santander Castellón de la Plana Getafe Albacete Alcorcón Logroño San Cristóbal de La Laguna Badajoz Salamanca Huelva Lleida Marbella Tarragona León Cádiz Lleida Dos Hermanas Tarragona Torrejón de Ardoz Parla Mataró Algeciras Santa Coloma de Gramenet Alcobendas Jaén Ourense Reus Barakaldo Girona 75,000 - 99,999 Lugo Roquetas de Mar Santiago de Compostela Cáceres Las Rozas de Madrid Lorca San Fernando El Puerto de Santa María Guadalajara Melilla Toledo Torrevieja Ceuta Talavera de la Reina Pontevedra Orihuela Palencia Avilés Alcalá de Guadaíra Ciudad Real Complete list v t e List of the Spanish Costas Costa de Almería Costa del Azahar Costa Blanca Costa Brava Costa Cálida Costa Daurada Costa de la Luz Costa do Marisco Costa da Morte Costa del Sol Costa Tropical Costa de Valencia Costa Verde (Spain) [es] Rías Altas Rías Baixas v t e Mediterranean Games 1951 Alexandria 1955 Barcelona 1959 Beirut 1963 Naples 1967 Tunis 1971 İzmir 1975 Algiers 1979 Split 1983 Casablanca 1987 Latakia 1991 Athens 1993 Languedoc-Roussillon 1997 Bari 2001 Tunis 2005 Almería 2009 Pescara 2013 Mersin 2018 Tarragona 2022 Oran 2026 Taranto 2030 Pristina

• Almería
• 955 establishments
• Mediterranean port cities and towns in Spain
• Municipalities in the Province of Almería
• Province of Almería
• 10th-century establishments in al-Andalus
• Populated places established in the 10th century
• Populated coastal places in Spain