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AFP
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 3MRK
Identifiers
Aliases	AFP, AFPD, FETA, HPalpha fetoprotein
External IDs	OMIM: 104150; MGI: 87951; HomoloGene: 36278; GeneCards: AFP; OMA:AFP - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 4 (human) Band 4q13.3 Start 73,431,138 bp End 73,456,174 bp
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 5 (mouse) Band 5 E1|5 44.77 cM Start 90,638,596 bp End 90,656,766 bp
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in testicle gonad right lobe of liver human kidney embryo amniotic fluid metanephros right adrenal cortex ascending aorta lactiferous gland Top expressed in human fetus abdominal wall fetal liver hematopoietic progenitor cell yolk sac epithelium of small intestine atrioventricular valve internal carotid artery external carotid artery migratory enteric neural crest cell primitive streak More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function metal ion binding protein binding Cellular component extracellular region extracellular space cytoplasm endoplasmic reticulum lumen Biological process ovulation from ovarian follicle SMAD protein signal transduction sexual reproduction progesterone metabolic process post-translational protein modification Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 174 11576 Ensembl ENSG00000081051 ENSMUSG00000054932 UniProt P02771 P02772 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001134 NM_001354717 NM_007423 RefSeq (protein) NP_001125 NP_001341646 NP_031449 Location (UCSC) Chr 4: 73.43 – 73.46 Mb Chr 5: 90.64 – 90.66 Mb PubMed search
Wikidata
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Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP, α-fetoprotein; also sometimes called alpha-1-fetoprotein, alpha-fetoglobulin, or alpha fetal protein) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AFP gene. The AFP gene is located on the q arm of chromosome 4 (4q13.3). Maternal AFP serum level is used to screen for Down syndrome, neural tube defects, and other chromosomal abnormalities.

AFP is a major plasma protein produced by the yolk sac and the fetal liver during fetal development. It is thought to be the fetal analog of serum albumin. AFP binds to copper, nickel, fatty acids and bilirubin and is found in monomeric, dimeric and trimeric forms.

Structure

AFP is a glycoprotein of 591 amino acids and a carbohydrate moiety.

Function

The function of AFP in adult humans is unknown. AFP is the most abundant plasma protein found in the human fetus. In the fetus, AFP is produced by both the liver and the yolk sac. It is believed to function as a carrier protein (similar to albumin) that transports materials such as fatty acids to cells. Maternal plasma levels peak near the end of the first trimester, and begin decreasing prenatally at that time, then decrease rapidly after birth. Normal adult levels in the newborn are usually reached by the age of 8 to 12 months. While the function in humans is unknown, in rodents it binds estradiol to prevent the transport of this hormone across the placenta to the fetus. The main function of this is to prevent the virilization of female fetuses. As human AFP does not bind estrogen, its function in humans is less clear. In human liver cancer, AFP is found to bind glypican-3 (GPC3), another oncofetal antigen.

The rodent AFP system can be overridden with massive injections of estrogen, which overwhelm the AFP system and will masculinize the fetus. The masculinizing effect of estrogens may seem counter-intuitive since estrogens are critical for the proper development of female secondary characteristics during puberty. However, this is not the case prenatally. Gonadal hormones from the testes, such as testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone, are required to cause development of a phenotypic male. Without these hormones, the fetus will develop into a phenotypic female even if genetically XY. The conversion of testosterone into estradiol by aromatase in many tissues may be an important step in masculinization of that tissue. Masculinization of the brain is thought to occur both by conversion of testosterone into estradiol by aromatase, but also by de novo synthesis of estrogens within the brain. Thus, AFP may protect the fetus from maternal estradiol that would otherwise have a masculinizing effect on the fetus, but its exact role is still controversial.

Serum levels

Maternal

In pregnant women, fetal AFP levels can be monitored in the urine of the pregnant woman. Since AFP is quickly cleared from the mother's serum via her kidneys, maternal urine AFP correlates with fetal serum levels, although the maternal urine level is much lower than the fetal serum level. AFP levels rise until about week 32. Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) screening is performed at 16 to 18 weeks of gestation. If MSAFP levels indicate an anomaly, amniocentesis may be offered to the patient.

Infants

The normal range of AFP for adults and children is variously reported as under 50, under 10, or under 5 ng/mL. At birth, normal infants have AFP levels four or more orders of magnitude above this normal range, that decreases to a normal range over the first year of life.

During this time, the normal range of AFP levels spans approximately two orders of magnitude. Correct evaluation of abnormal AFP levels in infants must take into account these normal patterns.

Very high AFP levels may be subject to hooking (see Tumor marker), which results in the level being reported significantly lower than the actual concentration. This is important for analysis of a series of AFP tumor marker tests, e.g. in the context of post-treatment early surveillance of cancer survivors, where the rate of decrease of AFP has diagnostic value.

Clinical significance

Measurement of AFP is generally used in two clinical contexts. First, it is measured in pregnant women through the analysis of maternal blood or amniotic fluid as a screening test for certain developmental abnormalities, such as aneuploidy. Second, serum AFP level is elevated in people with certain tumors, and so it is used as a biomarker to follow these diseases. Some of these diseases are listed below:

• Developmental birth defects associated with elevated AFP
  • Omphalocele
  • Gastroschisis
  • Neural tube defects: ↑ α-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid and maternal serum
• Tumors associated with elevated AFP
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma
  • Metastatic disease affecting the liver
  • Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors
  • Yolk sac tumor
• Other conditions associated with elevated AFP
  • Ataxia telangiectasia: elevated AFP is used as one factor in diagnosis

A peptide derived from AFP that is referred to as AFPep is claimed to possess anti-cancer properties.

In the treatment of testicular cancer it is paramount to differentiate seminomatous and nonseminomatous tumors. This is typically done pathologically after removal of the testicle and confirmed by tumor markers. However, if the pathology is pure seminoma, if the AFP is elevated, the tumor is treated as a nonseminomatous tumor because it contains yolk sac (nonseminomatous) components.

See also

• Tumor marker
• AFP-L3
• Triple test
• Advanced maternal age

References

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Further reading

• Nahon JL (1987). "The regulation of albumin and alpha-fetoprotein gene expression in mammals". Biochimie. 69 (5): 445–59. doi:10.1016/0300-9084(87)90082-4. PMID 2445387.
• Tilghman SM (1989). "The structure and regulation of the alpha-fetoprotein and albumin genes". Oxford Surveys on Eukaryotic Genes. 2: 160–206. PMID 2474300.
• Mizejewski GJ (2003). "Biological role of alpha-fetoprotein in cancer: prospects for anticancer therapy". Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy. 2 (6): 709–35. doi:10.1586/14737140.2.6.709. PMID 12503217. S2CID 8321005.
• Yachnin S, Hsu R, Heinrikson RL, Miller JB (1977). "Studies on human alpha-fetoprotein. Isolation and characterization of monomeric and polymeric forms and amino-terminal sequence analysis". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 493 (2): 418–28. doi:10.1016/0005-2795(77)90198-2. PMID 70228.
• Aoyagi Y, Ikenaka T, Ichida F (1977). "Comparative chemical structures of human alpha-fetoproteins from fetal serum and from ascites fluid of a patient with hepatoma". Cancer Research. 37 (10): 3663–7. PMID 71198.
• Aoyagi Y, Ikenaka T, Ichida F (1978). "Copper(II)-binding ability of human alpha-fetoprotein". Cancer Research. 38 (10): 3483–6. PMID 80265.
• Aoyagi Y, Ikenaka T, Ichida F (1979). "alpha-Fetoprotein as a carrier protein in plasma and its bilirubin-binding ability". Cancer Research. 39 (9): 3571–4. PMID 89900.
• Torres JM, Anel A, Uriel J (1992). "Alpha-fetoprotein-mediated uptake of fatty acids by human T lymphocytes". Journal of Cellular Physiology. 150 (3): 456–62. doi:10.1002/jcp.1041500305. PMID 1371512. S2CID 32015210.
• Greenberg F, Faucett A, Rose E, et al. (1992). "Congenital deficiency of alpha-fetoprotein". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 167 (2): 509–11. doi:10.1016/S0002-9378(11)91441-0. PMID 1379776.
• Bansal V, Kumari K, Dixit A, Sahib MK (1991). "Interaction of human alpha fetoprotein with bilirubin". Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 28 (7): 697–8. PMID 1703124.
• Pucci P, Siciliano R, Malorni A, et al. (1991). "Human alpha-fetoprotein primary structure: a mass spectrometric study". Biochemistry. 30 (20): 5061–6. doi:10.1021/bi00234a032. PMID 1709810.
• Liu MC, Yu S, Sy J, et al. (1985). "Tyrosine sulfation of proteins from the human hepatoma cell line HepG2". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 82 (21): 7160–4. Bibcode:1985PNAS...82.7160L. doi:10.1073/pnas.82.21.7160. PMC 390808. PMID 2414772.
• Gibbs PE, Zielinski R, Boyd C, Dugaiczyk A (1987). "Structure, polymorphism, and novel repeated DNA elements revealed by a complete sequence of the human alpha-fetoprotein gene". Biochemistry. 26 (5): 1332–43. doi:10.1021/bi00379a020. PMID 2436661.
• Sakai M, Morinaga T, Urano Y, et al. (1985). "The human alpha-fetoprotein gene. Sequence organization and the 5' flanking region". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 260 (8): 5055–60. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)89178-5. PMID 2580830.
• Ruoslahti E, Pihko H, Vaheri A, et al. (1975). "Alpha fetoprotein: structure and expression in man and inbred mouse strains under normal conditions and liver injury". Johns Hopkins Med. J. Suppl. 3: 249–55. PMID 4138095.
• Urano Y, Sakai M, Watanabe K, Tamaoki T (1985). "Tandem arrangement of the albumin and alpha-fetoprotein genes in the human genome". Gene. 32 (3): 255–61. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(84)90001-5. PMID 6085063.
• Beattie WG, Dugaiczyk A (1983). "Structure and evolution of human alpha-fetoprotein deduced from partial sequence of cloned cDNA". Gene. 20 (3): 415–22. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(82)90210-4. PMID 6187626.
• Morinaga T, Sakai M, Wegmann TG, Tamaoki T (1983). "Primary structures of human alpha-fetoprotein and its mRNA". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 80 (15): 4604–8. Bibcode:1983PNAS...80.4604M. doi:10.1073/pnas.80.15.4604. PMC 384092. PMID 6192439.

External links

• alpha-Fetoproteins at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
• Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P02771 (Alpha-fetoprotein) at the PDBe-KB.

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

• Genes on human chromosome 4
• Glycoproteins
• Tumor markers
• Obstetrics
• Midwifery