| Американо-русский институт | |
| Established | 1930 |
|---|---|
| Dissolved | Late 1940s |
| Type | Non-profit organization |
| Legal status | Dissolved |
| Focus | Cultural relations, knowledge exchange, humanitarian aid |
| Location |
|
| Key people | Edward C. Carter, Henry H. Collins, Jr. |
The American Russian Institute (ARI; Russian: Американо-русский институт) was an American public organization established to foster cultural ties with the Soviet Union. Founded in 1930 in New York City, it was closely associated with the Soviet All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries (VOKS) and received materials from it for distribution in the United States. The ARI organized lectures, reports, concerts, exhibitions, and screenings of Soviet films, among other activities, to familiarize Americans with life in the USSR.
History
Predecessors and Founding
The ARI's predecessor, operating from 1927 to 1930, was the American Society for Cultural Relations with the Soviet Union. This earlier organization laid the groundwork for the cultural exchange efforts that the ARI would later expand upon.
The American Russian Institute was officially established in 1930 in New York City. In the early 1930s, branches of the Institute began operating in San Francisco and Los Angeles, functioning largely autonomously. By 1931, the organization had approximately 1,200 members, indicating a significant interest in Soviet-American cultural relations during this period.
Activities and Growth
The ARI engaged in a wide range of activities aimed at promoting understanding between the United States and the Soviet Union:
1. Lectures and Reports: The institute organized talks on various aspects of Soviet life, politics, and culture.
2. Concerts: Musical events featuring Soviet compositions or performers were held to showcase Russian cultural achievements.
3. Exhibitions: Art and cultural exhibitions were organized to display Soviet visual arts and crafts.
4. Film Screenings: The ARI showed Soviet films, providing Americans with a visual glimpse into life in the USSR.
5. Publication: The organization published a quarterly journal titled "American Quarterly of the Soviet Union," which served as a platform for in-depth articles on Soviet affairs.
These activities were designed to provide Americans with a more nuanced understanding of the Soviet Union during a time of limited direct cultural exchange between the two nations.
Cold War Era and Controversy
The political climate in the United States shifted dramatically in the post-World War II era, which had significant implications for organizations like the ARI:
1. In 1947, U.S. Attorney General Thomas C. Clark issued a determination classifying the organization as a "front" for subversive communist activities.
2. In 1948, under President Harry Truman's Executive Order 9835, the ARI was included in the Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations. This listing effectively branded the ARI as a potential threat to national security.
3. During this period, Henry H. Collins Jr. served as the executive director of the organization. Collins was suspected of involvement in a communist spy network known as the "Ware Group," which further complicated the ARI's position during the intensifying Red Scare.
Decline and Dissolution
The classification of the ARI as a subversive organization marked the beginning of its decline. While the exact date of its dissolution is not specified, it is clear that the organization ceased operations by the late 1940s or early 1950s, unable to continue its mission in the face of intense governmental scrutiny and public suspicion.
Legacy and Impact
The American Russian Institute played a significant role in Soviet-American cultural relations during its active years:
1. Cultural Exchange: Despite its controversial later years, the ARI facilitated substantial cultural exchange, including the transfer of tens of thousands of books and cultural materials between the U.S. and USSR.
2. Public Education: Through its various activities, the ARI provided Americans with information about Soviet life at a time when such information was often scarce or filtered through political lenses.
3. Historical Perspective: The story of the ARI offers valuable insights into the complexities of maintaining cultural ties during periods of political tension.
4. Cold War Studies: The organization's experiences provide a case study for researchers examining the impact of anti-communist policies on civil society organizations in the United States.
Further reading
- Иванян Э. А. "Энциклопедия российско-американских отношений. XVIII-XX века." Москва: Международные отношения, 2001.
- Журина Е.Н. "СОВЕТСКО-АМЕРИКАНСКИЕ СВЯЗИ В ОБЛАСТИ КУЛЬТУРЫ НА РУБЕЖЕ 1920-х - 1930-х годов." Вестник Брянского государственного университета, 2010.
- David Caute, "The Fellow-Travellers: Intellectual Friends of Communism," Yale University Press, 1988.
- Frederick C. Barghoorn, "The Soviet Cultural Offensive: The Role of Cultural Diplomacy in Soviet Foreign Policy," Princeton University Press, 1960.
- VOKS Bulletin at Stanford
- Frederick C. Barghoorn, "Soviet Cultural Diplomacy since Stalin," Russian Review, vol. 17, no. 1 (Jan. 1958), pp. 41–55. In JSTOR.
- Michael David-Fox, "From Illusory 'Society' to Intellectual 'Public': VOKS, International Travel and Party-Intelligentsia Relations in the Interwar Period," Contemporary European History, vol. 11, no. 1 (Feb. 2002), pp. 7–32. In JSTOR.
External links
American Russian Institute (San Francisco)