| Anaphes nitens | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Mymaridae |
| Genus: | Anaphes |
| Species: | A. nitens |
| Binomial name | |
| Anaphes nitens (Girault, 1928) | |
Anaphes nitens is a species of fairyfly, a chalcid wasp in the family Mymaridae. Native to Australia, it is an egg parasitoid of the gum tree snout beetle (Gonipterus platensis), a pest of Eucalyptus trees, and has been used in biological pest control of that species.
Description
Like other species in its genus, Anaphes nitens is a tiny insect, not more than one millimetre (0.04 in) long. The hind wings are elongated and stalked, and there are short hairs fringing both pairs of wings. The head and body are black, the limbs are amber to brown and the wings are tinged with brown.
Ecology
Anaphes nitens is native to southeastern Australia. The adult wasps feed on nectar and honeydew, but the larvae are carnivorous and feed on the eggs of the gum tree snout beetle (Gonipterus platensis, formerly misidentified under the name Gonipterus scutellatus). Both this beetle and its larvae feed on the young leaves, buds and shoots of various species of Eucalyptus, causing a slowing of growth of the tree, a contortion of the twigs and sometimes a dieback of the branches. The female snout beetle lays batches of about ten eggs enclosed in capsules with hard shells. The female wasp deposits her eggs in the egg capsules and the developing wasp larvae feed on the snout beetle eggs inside the capsule.
Eucalyptus trees are now grown in many countries around the world, and the gum tree snout beetle has been accidentally introduced with the tree, causing defoliation in plantations. This is the case in South Africa, which harbors an undescribed species of eucalyptus-feeding Gonipterus and A. nitens has been introduced to the country to attempt to provide biological control of the pest. In Spain, it has also been successfully used to control G. platensis. In this case, the snout beetle is found to have three main egg-laying periods, April, July and November. The April eggs are the most heavily parasitised and it has been found that the larvae of the chalcid wasps are able to diapause in the November eggs, enabling the parasitoid to endure winter conditions that are unsuitable for the survival of the adult wasps.
References
- "Identification: Natural Enemies Gallery: Anaphes spp.". How to manage pests. UC:IPM. Retrieved 2015-07-29.
- Huber, J.T.; Prinsloo, G.L. (2007). "Redescription of Anaphes nitens (Girault) and description of two new species of Anaphes Haliday (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), parasites of Gonipterus scutellatus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Tasmania". Australian Journal of Entomology. 29 (4): 333–341. doi:10.1111/j.1440-6055.1990.tb00373.x.
- ^ Mapondera, T.S., Burgess, T., Matsuki, M. and Oberprieler, R.G. (2012), Identification and molecular phylogenetics of the cryptic species of the Gonipterus scutellatus complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Gonipterini). Australian Journal of Entomology, 51: 175-188. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.2011.00853.x
- ^ Santolamazza-Carbone, Serena; Nieto, Montserrat Pestaña; Otero, Rosa Pérez; Vázquez, Pedro Mansilla; Rivera, Adolfo Cordero (2009). "Winter and spring ecology of Anaphes nitens, a solitary egg-parasitoid of the Eucalyptus snout-beetle Gonipterus scutellatus". Biocontrol. 54 (2): 195–209. Bibcode:2009BioCo..54..195S. doi:10.1007/s10526-008-9184-7. S2CID 46061478.
- Tribe, G.D. (2005). "The present status of Anaphes nitens (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), an egg parasitoid of the Eucalyptus snout beetle Gonipterus scutellatus, in the Western Cape Province of South Africa". The Southern African Forestry Journal. 203 (1): 49–54. doi:10.2989/10295920509505218. S2CID 84349040.