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Abū’l-'Abbās al-Faḍl ibn Ḥātim al-Nairīzī (Arabic: أبو العباس الفضل بن حاتم النيريزي; Persian: ابوالعباس فضل بن حاتم نیریزی; Latin: Anaritius, Nazirius, c. 865 – c. 922) was a Persian mathematician and astronomer from Nayriz, now in Fars province, Iran.

Life

Little is known of al-Nairīzī, though his nisba refers to the town of Neyriz. He mentioned al-Mu'tadid, the Abbasid caliph, in his works, and so scholars have assumed that al-Nairīzī flourished in Baghdad during this period. Al-Nairīzī wrote a book for al-Mu'tadid on atmospheric phenomena. He died in c. 922.

Mathematics

Al-Nayrizi wrote a commentary to the translation in Arabic by Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Maṭar of Euclid's Elements. Both the translation and the commentary have survived, as well as a 12th-century Latin translation by Gerard of Cremona. Al-Nayrizi's commentary contains unique extracts of two other commentaries on the Elements, produced by Hero of Alexandria and Simplicius of Cilicia.

Al-Nairīzī used the umbra (versa), the equivalent to the tangent, as a genuine trigonometric line, as did the Persian astronomer al-Marwazi before him. He gave a proof of the Pythagorean theorem using the Pythagorean tiling.

Al-Nayrizi gave a mathematical proof of the parallel postulate based on the assumption that parallel lines are equidistant. He wrote a treatise on an exact method for the numerical determination of the kibla and a text about a device for measuring the heights, widths, and depths.

Astronomy

Al-Nairīzī wrote a treatise on the spherical astrolabe, an elaborate work that seems to be the best Persian work on the subject. It is divided into four books:

1. An historical and critical introduction of the astrolabe;
2. A description of the instrument; and a comparison with other astronomical instruments;
3. Applications of the instrument;
4. Applications of the instrument.

Ibn al-Nadim mentions Nayrizi as a distinguished astronomer with eight works by him listed in his book al-Fihrist.

Al-Nayrizi's most important astronomical works, his commentary on Ptolemy's Almagest and both his zijes, are lost. He produced treatises on the spherical astrolabe and astrological conjunctions, both of which are extant.

References

1. ^ Hogendijk 1986, p. 1050.
2. ^ Sarton 1962, pp. 598–599.
3. Nelsen 2003.

Sources

• Hogendijk, J.P. (1986). "Al-Nayrīzī". The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 7. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-09419-9.
• Nelsen, Roger B. (2003). "Paintings, plane tilings, and proofs" (PDF). Math Horizons. 11 (2). Mathematical Association of America: 5–8. doi:10.1080/10724117.2003.12021741. S2CID 126000048.
• Sarton, George (1962). Introduction to the History of Science. Vol. 1. Baltimore, Maryland: Published for the Carnegie Institution of Washington, by the Williams & Wilkins Co. OCLC 1238437.

Texts and translations

• Euclid (1893). Besthorn, R. O.; Heiberg, J. L. (eds.). Codex Leidensis 339, I. Euclidis Elementa (in Latin and Arabic). Translated by Abū ʹl ʹAbbās al-Fadhl ibn Hātim al-Narīzī. Haunia (Copenhagen): Libraria Glydendaliana. OCLC 66287985.
• Al-Nairīzī, Abū’l-'Abbās al-Faḍl ibn Ḥātim (1993). Tummers, P. M. J. E. (ed.). Anaritius' Commentary on Euclid. The Latin Translation, I-IV (in Latin). Turnhout: Brepols. ISBN 978-90-70419-35-6.

Further reading

• Brentjez, Sonja (1992). "Der Ṯābit b. Qurra zugeschriebene Zusatz I, 462 zu Euklid I, 46 in MS Leiden 399,1". In Demidov, S.S.; Rowe, D.; Folkerts, M.; Scriba, C.J. (eds.). Amphora (in German). Basel.: Birkhäuser. pp. 91–120. doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-8599-7_5. ISBN 978-3-0348-9696-2.
• DeYoung, Gregg (2007). "Nayrīzī: Abū al-ʿAbbās al-Faḍl ibn Ḥātim al-Nayrīzī". In Thomas Hockey; et al. (eds.). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer. p. 823. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. (PDF version)
• O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Abu'l Abbas al-Fadl ibn Hatim Al-Nayrizi", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
• Sabra, A. I. (1981). "Al-Nayrīzī, Abu'l-'Abbās Al-Faḍl Ibn Ḥātim". In Gillispie, Charles Coulston; Holmes, Frederic Lawrence (eds.). Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 10. New York: Scribner. pp. 5–7. OCLC 755137603.
• Sezgin, Fuat (2021). "III. Arab mathematicians". Sezgin Online. Brill. doi:10.1163/2667-3975_SEZO_COM_503. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
• Suter, Heinrich (1900). Die Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber und ihre Werke (in German). Leipzig: Teubner. p. 45. OCLC 230703086.

External links

• Al-Nairizi's Commentary on Euclid's Elements – Codex Leidensis 399: Euclidis Elementa cum Commentariis al-Nairzii (Bestorn, Heiberg) – ابو العباس الفضل بن حاتم النريزى كتاب اوقليدس المختصر فى علم الاصول المقدمة from Joseph G. Leichter (sel-published)
• Texts relating to al-Nayrizi from the Bibliothèque nationale de France

Articles and topics related to Al-Nayrizi

v t e Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world Astronomers by century 8th Ahmad Nahavandi Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī Mashallah ibn Athari Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq 9th Abu Ali al-Khayyat Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi Abu Said Gorgani Al-Farghani Al-Kindi Al-Mahani Abu Hanifa Dinawari Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf Al-Marwazi Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi Banū Mūsā brothers Iranshahri Khalid ibn Abd al‐Malik al‐Marwarrudhi Al-Khwarizmi Sahl ibn Bishr Thābit ibn Qurra Yahya ibn Abi Mansur 10th al-Sufi Ibn Al-Adami al-Khojandi al-Khazin al-Qūhī Abu al-Wafa Ahmad ibn Yusuf al-Battani Al-Qabisi Ibn al-A'lam Al-Nayrizi Al-Saghani Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī Ibn Yunus Ibrahim ibn Sinan Ma Yize al-Sijzi Al-ʻIjliyyah Nastulus Abolfadl Harawi Haseb-i Tabari al-Majriti Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi 11th Abu Nasr Mansur al-Biruni Ali ibn Ridwan Al-Zarqālī Ibn al-Samh Alhazen Avicenna Ibn al-Saffar Kushyar Gilani Said al-Andalusi Ibrahim ibn Said al-Sahli Ibn Mu'adh al-Jayyani Al-Isfizari Ali ibn Khalaf 12th 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Topics Works Arabic star names Islamic calendar Aja'ib al-Makhluqat Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity Tabula Rogeriana The Book of Healing The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries Zij Alfonsine tables Huihui Lifa Book of Fixed Stars Toledan Tables Zij-i Ilkhani Zij-i Sultani Sullam al-sama' Instruments Alidade Analog computer Aperture Armillary sphere Astrolabe Astronomical clock Celestial globe Compass Compass rose Dioptra Equatorial ring Equatorium Globe Graph paper Mural instrument Navigational astrolabe Octant Planisphere Quadrant Sextant Shadow square Sundial Schema for horizontal sundials Triquetrum Concepts Almucantar Apogee Astrology Astrophysics Axial tilt Azimuth Celestial mechanics Celestial spheres Circular orbit Deferent and epicycle Earth's rotation Eccentricity Ecliptic Elliptic orbit Equant Galaxy Geocentrism Gravitational energy Gravity Heliocentrism Inertia Islamic cosmology Moonlight Multiverse Muwaqqit Obliquity Parallax Precession Qibla Salah times Specific gravity Spherical Earth Sublunary sphere Sunlight Supernova Temporal finitism Trepidation Triangulation Tusi couple Universe Institutions Al-Azhar University House of Knowledge House of Wisdom University of al-Qarawiyyin Observatories Constantinople (Taqi al-Din) Maragheh Samarkand (Ulugh Beg) Influences Babylonian astronomy Egyptian astronomy Hellenistic astronomy Indian astronomy Influenced Byzantine science Chinese astronomy Medieval European science Indian astronomy v t e Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world Mathematicians 9th century 'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk Sanad ibn Ali al-Jawharī Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf Al-Kindi Qusta ibn Luqa Al-Mahani al-Dinawari Banū Mūsā brothers Hunayn ibn Ishaq Al-Khwarizmi Yusuf al-Khuri Ishaq ibn Hunayn Na'im ibn Musa Thābit ibn Qurra al-Marwazi Abu Said Gorgani 10th century Abu al-Wafa al-Khazin Al-Qabisi Abu Kamil Ahmad ibn Yusuf Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī Sinān ibn al-Fatḥ al-Khojandi Al-Nayrizi Al-Saghani Brethren of Purity Ibn Sahl Ibn Yunus al-Uqlidisi Al-Battani Sinan ibn Thabit Ibrahim ibn Sinan Al-Isfahani Nazif ibn Yumn al-Qūhī Abu al-Jud Al-Sijzi Al-Karaji al-Majriti al-Jabali 11th century Abu Nasr Mansur Alhazen Kushyar Gilani Al-Biruni Ibn al-Samh Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi Avicenna al-Jayyānī al-Nasawī al-Zarqālī ibn Hud Al-Isfizari Omar Khayyam Muhammad al-Baghdadi 12th century Jabir ibn Aflah Al-Kharaqī Al-Khazini Al-Samawal al-Maghribi al-Hassar Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi Ibn al-Yasamin 13th century Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili Ahmad al-Buni Ibn Munim Alam al-Din al-Hanafi Ibn Adlan al-Urdi Nasir al-Din al-Tusi al-Abhari Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi al-Hasan al-Marrakushi Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi Ibn al-Banna' Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī 14th century Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri Ibn al-Shatir Ibn al-Durayhim Al-Khalili al-Umawi 15th century Ibn al-Majdi al-Rūmī al-Kāshī Ulugh Beg Ali Qushji al-Wafa'i al-Qalaṣādī Sibt al-Maridini Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi 16th century Al-Birjandi Muhammad Baqir Yazdi Taqi ad-Din Ibn Hamza al-Maghribi Mathematical works The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing De Gradibus Principles of Hindu Reckoning Book of Optics The Book of Healing Book on the Measurement of Plane and Spherical Figures Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity Toledan Tables Tabula Rogeriana Zij Concepts Alhazen's problem Islamic geometric patterns Centers Al-Azhar University Al-Mustansiriya University House of Knowledge House of Wisdom Constantinople observatory of Taqi ad-Din Madrasa Maragheh observatory University of al-Qarawiyyin Influences Babylonian mathematics Greek mathematics Indian mathematics Influenced Byzantine mathematics European mathematics Indian mathematics Related Hindu–Arabic numeral system Arabic numerals (Eastern Arabic numerals, Western Arabic numerals) Trigonometric functions History of trigonometry History of algebra v t e Mathematics in Iran Mathematicians Before 20th Century Abu al-Wafa' Buzjani Jamshid al-Kashi (al-Kashi's theorem) Omar Khayyam (Khayyam-Pascal's triangle, Khayyam-Saccheri quadrilateral, Khayyam's Solution of Cubic Equations) Al-Mahani Muhammad Baqir Yazdi Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri Al-Nayrizi Kushyar Gilani Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani Al-Isfahani Al-Isfizari Al-Khwarizmi (Al-jabr) Najm al-Din al-Qazwini al-Katibi Nasir al-Din al-Tusi Al-Biruni Modern Maryam Mirzakhani Caucher Birkar Sara Zahedi Farideh Firoozbakht (Firoozbakht's conjecture) S. L. Hakimi (Havel–Hakimi algorithm) Siamak Yassemi Freydoon Shahidi (Langlands–Shahidi method) Hamid Naderi Yeganeh Esmail Babolian Ramin Takloo-Bighash Lotfi A. Zadeh (Fuzzy mathematics, Fuzzy set, Fuzzy logic) Ebadollah S. Mahmoodian Reza Sarhangi (The Bridges Organization) Siavash Shahshahani Gholamhossein Mosaheb Amin Shokrollahi Reza Sadeghi Mohammad Mehdi Zahedi Mohsen Hashtroodi Hossein Zakeri Amir Ali Ahmadi Prize Recipients Fields Medal Maryam Mirzakhani (2014) Caucher Birkar (2018) EMS Prize Sara Zahedi (2016) Satter Prize Maryam Mirzakhani (2013) Organizations Iranian Mathematical Society Institutions Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences

• Scientists who worked on qibla determination
• 9th-century Iranian mathematicians
• 10th-century Iranian mathematicians
• 860s births
• 922 deaths
• Mathematicians from the Abbasid Caliphate
• Astronomers from the Abbasid Caliphate
• People from Fars province
• 10th-century Iranian astronomers
• 9th-century Iranian astronomers