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Anu-Hkongso (also spelled Anu-Khongso) is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken between the Kaladan and Michaung rivers in Paletwa Township, Chin State, Burma. It is closely related to Mru, forming the Mruic language branch, whose position within Sino-Tibetan is unclear. It consists of two dialects, Anu (Añú) and Hkongso (Khongso, Khaungtso).

Hkongso and Anu speakers self-identify as ethnic Chin people, although the Anu-Hkongso language is not classified as a Kuki-Chin language. Most Anu and Hkongso speakers can also speak Khumi. Anung has 72-76% lexical similarity with Mro-Khimi although mutual intelligibility is low, and 23-37% lexical similarity with neighbouring Chin languages.

Varieties

Hkongso and Anu are mutually intelligible, and the languages 96-98% lexical similarity with each other. The Kasang claim to be Hkongso, and live in a small area just to the south of the main Hkongso area, in the villages of Lamoitong and Tuirong. The Anu live in scattered areas to the west of the main Hkongso area. Anu villages include Bedinwa, Onphuwa, Payung Chaung, Yeelawa, Daletsa Wa, Ohrangwa, Tuikin Along, and Khayu Chaung (Wright 2009:6).

The Anu people consider themselves to consist of 4 subgroups, namely Hkum, Hkong (Hkongso), Som, and Kla. However, the Hkongso maintain that they are an ethnic group equal to the Anu, but are not a subgroup of the Anu.

The Kasang (also known as Khenlak, Ta-aw, Hkongsa-Asang, Hkongso-Asang, Asang, and Sangta) consider themselves as ethnic Hkongso, but their language is intelligible with Khumi rather than Anu. Kasang villages include Lamoitong and Tuirong.

The Mru language is also closely related to Anu and Hkongso. The Mru had migrated to the Chittagong Hills from the Arakan Hills.

Distribution

Hkongso is spoken in the following villages of Paletwa Township.

• Bahungtong
• Halawa
• Kanan
• Kanlawa
• Lakinwa
• Likkung
• Pahang
• Paletwa
• Pawa
• Phongphai
• Ringrong
• Sami
• Singkangkung
• Tengwa
• Tuikinwa
• Vadengkung
• Youngwa

Hkongso subgroups (clans) are Htey (Htey Za), Kamu, Ngan, Gwa, Hteikloeh, Ngai, Rahnam, Kapu, Kasah, Namte, Krawktu, and Namluek.

Leimi, Asang, and Likkheng are other languages spoken in the Paletwa Township area.

Phonology

Hkongso has minor syllables (also known sesquisyllables), which are typical of Mon-Khmer languages (Wright 2009:12-14).

Grammar

Unlike the Kuki-Chin languages, Hkongso (kʰɔŋ˥˩sʰo˦˨) has no verb stem alternation and has SVO word order (Wright 2009). Also, unlike Mru and the Kuki-Chin languages, Hkongso has Neg-V word order (pre-verbal negation) instead of the V-Neg order (post-verbal negation) found in surrounding languages.

References

1. Anu-Hkongso at Ethnologue (24th ed., 2021)
2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Mruic". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
3. ISO 639-3 Change Request Number: 2011-031
4. ^ Wright, Jonathan Michael. 2009. Hkongso Grammar Sketch. MA thesis, Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics.
5. ^ "Myanmar". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-10-10.

Further reading

• Wright, Jonathan Michael. 2009. Hkongso Grammar Sketch. MA thesis, Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics.
• Language and Social Development Organization (LSDO). 2009. Initial Sociolinguistic Survey of the Anu, Khongso, and Asang Varieties in Southern Chin State, Myanmar. Unpublished manuscript.
• Wright, Jonathan (2020). "Khongso". Illustrations of the IPA. Journal of the International Phonetic Association: 1–20. doi:10.1017/S0025100320000286, with supplementary sound recordings.

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External links

• Proto-Anu-Hkongso reconstructions (Sino-Tibetan Branches Project)

v t e Sino-Tibetan branches
Western Himalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim)	West Himalayish Tamangic Newaric Newar Baram–Thangmi Kiranti Dhimalish Dhimal Toto Lhokpu Lepcha Greater Magaric Magaric Magar Kham Chepangic Chepang Bhujel Raji–Raute Dura–Tandrange
Eastern Himalayas (Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal)	Bodish Tibetic East Bodish Tshangla Basum Nam? Gongduk ʼOle Tani Chamdo
Myanmar and Indo- Burmese border	Karbi Kuki-Chin Mruic Mru Hkongso Pyu Taman "Naga" Ao Angami–Pochuri Meitei Tangkhulic Zeme Sal Boro–Garo Konyak Jingpho–Luish
East and Southeast Asia	Sinitic Bai Tujia Nungish Karenic Gong Kathu Cai–Long Caijia Longjia Luren Burmo-Qiangic Qiangic Gyalrongic Ersuic Naic Lolo-Burmese Mondzish Burmish Loloish
Dubious (possible isolates) (Arunachal)	Hrusish Hruso Mijiic Kho-Bwa Puroik Miju–Meyor Songlin Greater Siangic Siangic Koro Milang Idu–Taraon
Proposed groupings	Central Tibeto-Burman Kuki-Chin–Naga Macro-Bai Mahakiranti Rung Tibeto-Burman Tibeto-Kanauri
Proto-languages	Proto-Sino-Tibetan Proto-Tibeto-Burman Proto-Loloish Proto-Karenic Proto-Min Proto-Hakka
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.

• Sino-Tibetan languages
• Languages of Myanmar