Diseases of apples (Malus domestica) include:
Bacterial diseases
| Bacterial diseases | |
|---|---|
| Blister spot | Pseudomonas syringae pv. papulans |
| Crown gall | Agrobacterium tumefaciens |
| Fire blight | Erwinia amylovora |
| Hairy root | Agrobacterium rhizogenes |
Fungal diseases
| Fungal diseases | |
|---|---|
| Alternaria blotch |
Alternaria mali |
| Alternaria rot | Alternaria alternata |
| American brown rot | Monilinia fructicola |
| Anthracnose canker and bull's-eye rot | |
| Apple scab | |
| Apple ring rot and canker | Botryosphaeria berengeriana |
| Armillaria root rot = shoestring root rot | Armillaria mellea |
| Bitter rot |
Glomerella cingulata (archaic) Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex
Colletotrichum acutatum species complex
|
| Black pox | Helminthosporium papulosum |
| Black root rot | |
| Black rot, frogeye leafspot and canker | |
| Blister canker = nailhead canker | |
| Blue mold | Penicillium spp. |
| Brooks fruit spot | |
| Brown rot blossom blight and spur infection | |
| Calyx-end rot | Sclerotinia sclerotiorum |
| Clitocybe root rot | |
| Diaporthe canker* | |
| Diplodia canker |
Botryosphaeria stevensii |
| European brown rot | |
| Fisheye rot | |
| Flyspeck | |
| Fruit blotch, leaf spot and twig canker | Phyllosticta solitaria |
| Glomerella leaf spot | |
| Gray mold rot = dry eye rot, blossom-end rot | |
| Leptosphaeria canker and fruit rot |
Diapleella coniothyrium |
| Leucostoma canker and dieback |
Leucostoma cinctum |
| Marssonina blotch | |
| Moldy core and core rot |
Alternaria spp. |
| Monilia leaf blight | |
| Monochaetia twig canker | |
| Mucor rot |
Mucor spp. |
| Nectria canker | |
| Nectria twig blight = coral spot | |
| Peniophora root canker | Peniophora sacrata |
| Perennial canker | |
| Phomopsis canker, fruit decay and rough bark | |
| Phymatotrichum root rot = cotton root rot | |
| Phytophthora crown, collar and root rot = sprinkler rot |
Phytophthora spp. |
| Phytophthora fruit rot | |
| Pink mold rot | |
| Powdery mildew | Podosphaera leucotricha |
| Rosellinia root rot = Dematophora root rot | |
| Rubber rot | Phacidiopycnis washingtonensis |
| Rusts | |
| American hawthorne rust | Gymnosporangium globosum |
| Cedar apple rust | Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae |
| Japanese apple rust | Gymnosporangium yamadae |
| Pacific Coast pear rust | Gymnosporangium libocedri |
| Quince rust | Gymnosporangium clavipes |
| ... | |
| Side rot | Phialophora malorum |
| Silver leaf | Chondrostereum purpureum |
| Sooty blotch complex |
Peltaster fructicola |
| Southern blight | |
| Thread blight = Hypochnus leaf blight |
Corticium stevensii |
| Valsa canker | |
| Violet root rot | Helicobasidium mompa |
| White root rot | |
| White rot | |
| X-spot = Nigrospora spot | Nigrospora oryzae |
| Zonate leaf spot | |
Nematodes, parasitic
| Nematodes, parasitic | |
|---|---|
| Dagger nematode | |
| Lesion nematode | |
| Pin nematode |
Paratylenchus spp. |
| Ring nematode |
Criconemella spp. |
| Root-knot nematode |
Meloidogyne spp. |
Viral diseases
| Viral diseases | |
|---|---|
| Apple chlorotic leafspot | genus Trichovirus, Apple chlorotic leafspot virus (ACLSV) |
| Apple dwarf (Malus platycarpa) | Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) (? not US/CAN) |
| Apple flat apple | genus Nepovirus, Cherry rasp leaf virus (CRLV) |
| Apple mosaic | genus Ilarvirus, Apple mosaic virus (ApMV) genus Ilarvirus, Tulare apple mosaic virus (TAMV) |
| Apple stem grooving = Apple decline of Virginia crab | genus Capillovirus, Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) |
| Apple stem pitting = apple Spy 227 epinasty and decline | Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) |
| Apple union necrosis and decline | genus Nepovirus, Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV) |
Viroid diseases
| Viroid diseases | |
|---|---|
| Swollen apple | Apple fruit crinkle viroid (AFCVd) |
| Apple dimple fruit | Apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd) |
| Apple fruit crinkle | Apple fruit crinkle viroid (AFCVd) (Japan) |
| Apple scar skin = apple dapple, apple sabi-ka, apple bumpy fruit | Apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd) |
Suspected viral- and viroid-like diseases
| Suspected viral- and viroid-like diseases | |
|---|---|
| Dead spur | GTP, unidentified |
| False sting | GTP, virus suspected |
| Green crinkle | GTP, virus suspected |
| Rough skin | GTP, virus suspected |
| Star crack | GTP, virus suspected |
Phytoplasmal diseases
| Phytoplasmal diseases | |
|---|---|
| Apple chat fruit | Phytoplasma suspected |
| Apple decline | Phytoplasma suspected |
| Apple proliferation | Phytoplasma |
| Rubbery wood | Phytoplasma suspected |
Miscellaneous diseases and disorders
| Miscellaneous diseases and disorders | |
|---|---|
| Bitter pit | Localized calcium deficiency |
| Blossom blast | Boron deficiency |
| Burrknot | Genetically predisposed rootstock |
| Fruit cracking | Genetic |
| Fruit russet | Frost, sprays, etc. |
| Green mottle | Unidentified |
| Hollow apple | High temperature |
| Internal bark necrosis = measles | Low pH and mineral nutrient imbalance |
| Internal browning | Boron and calcium deficiencies, etc. |
| Jonathan spot | Reduced by controlled atmosphere storage |
| Narrow leaf | Genetic |
| Necrotic leaf blotch of ‘Golden Delicious’ | Rapid synthesis of gibberellins triggered by environmental factors |
| Spray injury | Spray |
| Storage scald | Injury to fruit surfaces by naturally occurring gases produced by the fruit |
| Sunburn | Sun injury to fruit |
| Sunscald | Freezing of bark following high temperatures in winter |
| Water core | Sorbitol accumulation |
-
'Bitter pit'
-
'Jonathan spot'
-
'Water core'
-
'Spray injury'
References
- Dowling, Madeline; Peres, Natalia; Villani, Sara; Schnabel, Guido (2020). "Managing Colletotrichum on Fruit Crops: A "Complex" Challenge". Plant Disease. 104 (9): 2301–2316. doi:10.1094/PDIS-11-19-2378-FE. ISSN 0191-2917. PMID 32689886. S2CID 219479598.
- Martin, Phillip L.; Krawczyk, Teresa; Khodadadi, Fatemeh; Aćimović, Srđan G.; Peter, Kari A. (2021). "Bitter Rot of Apple in the Mid-Atlantic United States: Causal Species and Evaluation of the Impacts of Regional Weather Patterns and Cultivar Susceptibility". Phytopathology. 111 (6): PHYTO–09–20-043. doi:10.1094/PHYTO-09-20-0432-R. ISSN 0031-949X. PMID 33487025. S2CID 231701083.
- Weir, B.S.; Johnston, P.R.; Damm, U. (2012). "The Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex". Studies in Mycology. 73 (1): 115–180. doi:10.3114/sim0011. PMC 3458417. PMID 23136459.
- Damm, U.; Cannon, P.F.; Woudenberg, J.H.C.; Crous, P.W. (2012). "The Colletotrichum acutatum species complex". Studies in Mycology. 73 (1): 37–113. doi:10.3114/sim0010. PMC 3458416. PMID 23136458.
