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In biology, Archezoa is a term that has been introduced by several authors to refer to a group of organisms (a taxon). Authors include Josef Anton Maximilian Perty, Ernst Haeckel and in the 20th century by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in his classification system. Each author used the name to refer to different arrays of organisms. This reuse by later authors of the same taxon name for different groups of organisms is widely criticized in taxonomy because the inclusion of the name in a sentence (e.g. "Archezoa have no olfactory organs") does not make sense unless the particular usage is specified (e.g. "Archezoa sensu Cavalier-Smith (1987) have no olfactory organs"). Nonetheless, all uses of 'Archezoa' are now obsolete.

Archezoa sensu Cavalier-Smith (1987)

Cavalier-Smith proposed the term 'Archezoa' for a paraphyletic (see Paraphyly) territory of eukaryotes that primitively lacked mitochondria. Like Margulis and others before (see Pelomyxa), Cavalier-Smith argued that the initial ancestor of eukaryotes emerged prior to the endosymbiotic acquisition (see endosymbiosis) of mitochondria. The same paraphyletic territory was referred to as 'Hypochondria' by others. The argument for Archezoa sensu Cavalier-Smith was never universally accepted because of conflicting information, and was dropped when the contrary argument, that amitochondriates were descendants of eukaryotes with mitochondria, became dominant.

Eukaryotes that eventually acquired a bacterial endosymbiont that became the mitochondria were placed in a taxonomic group which Cavalier-Smith called the Metakaryota, whereas the Archezoa represented an earlier paraphyletic group to which Cavalier-Smith variously assigned the diplomonads, Entamoeba, Microsporidia, oxymonads, parabasalids (Parabasalids), pelobionts (see Pelomyxa), retortamonads, trichomonads, and Trimastix (see Cavalier-Smith's system of classification). With the rejection of 'Archeozoa', the meaning of the term 'Metakaryota' became the same as 'Eukaryota' (see Eukaryote), and Metakaryota became superfluous.

Original mitochondria lost

Eukaryotic protists lacking mitochondria were discovered to have experienced secondary mitochondrial loss, meaning that their ancestors once possessed mitochondria but that these mitochondria had, over time, been transformed, reduced, or lost. In some of these organisms, mitochondria had degraded into simpler double-membrane bound organelles known as mitosomes and hydrogenosomes. Some of both types of organelles are known to have fully lost their genome.

Initial discoveries found that amitochondriate organisms appeared to express mitochondrial Hsp60 and Hsp70 proteins from the nuclear DNA of the organism. This indicated that the ancestors of these organisms once possessed mitochondria which expressed these proteins, but that these genes had migrated to their nuclear DNA over time as a result of endosymbiotic gene transfer.

As a result, the argument that some extant eukaryotes lacking mitochondria had emerged from the eukaryotic lineage before mitochondria were acquired was falsified.

Long branch attraction

An argument for the Archezoa group was that amitochondriate protists appeared to branch off early on from the eukaryotic lineage in phylogenetic analyses. This corroborated the supposition that Archezoa were more closely linked to primitive eukaryotes that evolved prior to the endosymbiotic process that generated the mitochondria. However, this early divergence later turned out to be a class of systematic errors in phylogenetic analysis called "long branch attraction".

References

1. Perty, M. 1852. Zur Kenntnis kleinster Lebensformen nach Bau, Funktionen, Systematik, mit Spezialverzeichniss der in der Schweiz beobachteten. Jent & Reinert, Bern
2. Haeckel, E. 1866. Generelle Morphologie der Organismen Vols I and II. Reimer.
3. ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1987). "Eukaryotes with no mitochondria". Nature. 326 (6111): 332–333. Bibcode:1987Natur.326..332C. doi:10.1038/326332a0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 3561476. S2CID 4351363.
4. Embley, T. M. (2006). "Multiple secondary origins of the anaerobic lifestyle in eukaryotes". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 361 (1470): 1055–1067. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1844. PMC 1578728. PMID 16754614.
5. Gray, Michael W.; Burger, Gertraud; Lang, B. Franz (1999-03-05). "Mitochondrial evolution". Science. 283 (5407): 1476–1481. Bibcode:1999Sci...283.1476G. doi:10.1126/science.283.5407.1476. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 3428767. PMID 10066161.
6. Embley, T. Martin; Hirt, Robert P. (1998). "Early branching eukaryotes?". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 8 (6): 624–629. doi:10.1016/S0959-437X(98)80029-4. PMID 9914207.
7. Roger, Andrew J. (1999). "Reconstructing early events in eukaryotic evolution". The American Naturalist. 154 (S4): S146–S163. Bibcode:1999ANat..154S.146R. doi:10.1086/303290. ISSN 0003-0147. PMID 10527924. S2CID 32138852.
8. Clark, C.G.; Roger, A.J. (1995). "Direct evidence for secondary loss of mitochondria in Entamoeba histolytica". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92 (14): 6518–6521. Bibcode:1995PNAS...92.6518C. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.14.6518. PMC 41549. PMID 7604025.
9. Roger, A.J. (1999). "Reconstructing early events in eukaryotic evolution". Am. Nat. 154 (S4): S146–S163. Bibcode:1999ANat..154S.146R. doi:10.1086/303290. PMID 10527924. S2CID 32138852.
10. Embley, T.M.; Martin, W. (2006). "Eukaryotic evolution, changes and challenges". Nature. 440 (7084): 623–630. Bibcode:2006Natur.440..623E. doi:10.1038/nature04546. PMID 16572163. S2CID 4396543.
11. Brinkmann, Henner; Philippe, Hervé (2007). "The Diversity of Eukaryotes and the Root of the Eukaryotic Tree". Eukaryotic Membranes and Cytoskeleton. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 607. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 20–37. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-74021-8_2. ISBN 978-0-387-74020-1. PMID 17977456. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
12. Gray, M.W. (2012-09-01). "Mitochondrial evolution". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 4 (9): a011403. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a011403. ISSN 1943-0264. PMC 3428767. PMID 22952398.

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