Giant squid

(Redirected from Architeuthis)

Page version status

This is an accepted version of this page

This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 18 December 2024. Deep-ocean dwelling squid in the family Architeuthidae For other uses, see Giant squid (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Colossal squid.

Giant squid

Giant squid, Architeuthis sp., modified from an illustration by A. E. Verrill, 1880
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Cephalopoda
Order:	Oegopsida
Superfamily:	Architeuthoidea
Family:	Architeuthidae Pfeffer, 1900
Genus:	Architeuthis Steenstrup in Harting, 1860
Species:	A. dux
Binomial name
*Architeuthis dux* Steenstrup, 1857

Worldwide giant squid distribution based on recovered specimens
Synonyms
Architeuthus Steenstrup, 1857 Dinoteuthis More, 1875 Dubioteuthis Joubin, 1900 Megaloteuthis Kent, 1874 Megateuthis Hilgendorf in Carus, 1880 Megateuthus Hilgendorf, 1880 Mouchezis Vélain, 1877 Plectoteuthis Owen, 1881 Steenstrupia Kirk, 1882

The giant squid (Architeuthis dux) is a species of deep-ocean dwelling squid in the family Architeuthidae. It can grow to a tremendous size, offering an example of abyssal gigantism: recent estimates put the maximum size at around 12–13 m (39–43 ft) for females and 10 m (33 ft) for males, from the posterior fins to the tip of the two long tentacles. This makes it longer than the colossal squid at an estimated 9–10 m (30–33 ft), but substantially lighter, as the tentacles make up most of the length. The mantle of the giant squid is about 2 m (6 ft 7 in) long (more for females, less for males), and the length of the squid excluding its tentacles (but including head and arms) rarely exceeds 5 m (16 ft). Claims of specimens measuring 20 m (66 ft) or more have not been scientifically documented.

The number of different giant squid species has been debated, but genetic research suggests that only one species exists.

In 2004, a Japanese research team obtained the first images of a living animal in its habitat.

Taxonomy

The closest relatives of the giant squid are thought to be the four obscure species of "neosquid" in the family Neoteuthidae, each of which belongs to its own monotypic genus, as with the giant squid. Together, both families comprise the superfamily Architeuthoidea.

Range and habitat

The giant squid is widespread, occurring in all of the world's oceans. It is usually found near continental and island slopes from the North Atlantic Ocean, especially Newfoundland, Norway, the northern British Isles, Spain and the oceanic islands of the Azores and Madeira, to the South Atlantic around southern Africa, the North Pacific around Japan, and the southwestern Pacific around New Zealand and Australia. Specimens are rare in tropical and polar latitudes.

The vertical distribution of giant squid is incompletely known, but data from trawled specimens and sperm whale diving behavior suggest it spans a large range of depths, possibly 300–1,000 metres (980–3,280 ft).

Morphology and anatomy

Size

Reproductive cycle

Little is known about the reproductive cycle of giant squid. They are thought to reach sexual maturity at about three years old; males reach sexual maturity at a smaller size than females. Females produce large quantities of eggs, sometimes more than 5 kg (11 lb), that average 0.5 to 1.4 mm (0.020 to 0.055 in) long and 0.3 to 0.7 mm (0.012 to 0.028 in) wide. Females have a single median ovary in the rear end of the mantle cavity and paired, convoluted oviducts, where mature eggs pass exiting through the oviducal glands, then through the nidamental glands. As in other squid, these glands produce a gelatinous material used to keep the eggs together once they are laid.

In males, as with most other cephalopods, the single, posterior testis produces sperm that move into a complex system of glands that manufacture the spermatophores. These are stored in the elongate sac, or Needham's sac, that terminates in the penis from which they are expelled during mating. The penis is prehensile, over 90 cm (35 in) long, and extends from inside the mantle. The two ventral arms on a male giant squid are hectocotylized, which means they are specialized to facilitate the fertilization of the female's eggs.

How the sperm is transferred to the egg mass is much debated, as giant squid lack the hectocotylus used for reproduction in many other cephalopods. It may be transferred in sacs of spermatophores, called spermatangia, which the male injects into the female's arms. This is suggested by a female specimen recently found in Tasmania, having a small subsidiary tendril attached to the base of each arm.

Post-larval juveniles have been discovered in surface waters off New Zealand, with plans to capture more and maintain them in an aquarium to learn more about the creature. Young giant squid specimens were found off the coast of southern Japan in 2013 and confirmed through genetic analysis.

Another juvenile, approximately 3.7 metres long, was encountered and filmed alive in the harbour in the Japanese city of Toyama on 24 December 2015; after being filmed and viewed by a large number of spectators, including a diver who entered the water to film the squid up close, it was guided out of the harbour into Toyama Bay by the diver.

Genetics

Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA of giant squid individuals from all over the world has found that there is little variation between individuals across the globe (just 181 differing genetic base pairs out of 20,331). This suggests that there is only a single species of giant squid in the world. Squid larvae may be dispersed by ocean currents across vast distances.

Ecology

Feeding

Recent studies have shown giant squid feed on deep-sea fish, such as the orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus), and other squid species. They catch prey using the two tentacles, gripping it with serrated sucker rings on the ends. Then they bring it toward the powerful beak, and shred it with the radula (tongue with small, file-like teeth) before it reaches the esophagus. They are believed to be solitary hunters, as only individual giant squid have been caught in fishing nets. Although the majority of giant squid caught by trawl in New Zealand waters have been associated with the local hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae) fishery, hoki do not feature in the squid's diet. This suggests giant squid and hoki prey on the same animals.

Predators and potential cannibalism

The known predators of adult giant squid include sperm whales, pilot whales, southern sleeper sharks, and in some regions killer whales. Juveniles may fall prey to other large deep sea predators. Because sperm whales are skilled at locating giant squid, scientists have tried to observe them to study the squid. Giant squid have also been recently discovered to presumably steal food from each other; in mid-to-late October 2016, a 9 m (30 ft) giant squid washed ashore in Galicia, Spain. The squid had been photographed alive by a tourist named Javier Ondicol shortly before its death, and examination of its corpse by the Coordinators for the Study and Protection of Marine Species (CEPESMA) indicates that the squid was attacked and mortally wounded by another giant squid, losing parts of its fins, and receiving damage to its mantle, one of its gills, and losing an eye. The intact nature of the specimen indicates that the giant squid managed to escape its rival by slowly retreating to shallow water, where it died of its wounds. The incident is the second to be documented among Architeuthis recorded in Spain, with the other occurring in Villaviciosa. Evidence in the form of giant squid stomach contents containing beak fragments from other giant squid in Tasmania also supports the theory that the species is at least occasionally cannibalistic. Alternatively, such squid-on-squid attacks may be a result of competition for prey. These traits are seen in the Humboldt squid as well, indicating that cannibalism in large squid may be more common than originally thought.

Population

Scientists have been unable to determine the worldwide population of giant squid to any degree of accuracy. Estimates have been put together based on the number of giant squid beaks found in the stomachs of deceased sperm whales, a known predator of the giant squid, and the better-known population of sperm whales. Based on such observations, it has been estimated that sperm whales consume between 4.3 and 131 million giant squid annually, implying that the giant squid population is likewise well into the millions, but more precise estimates have been elusive.

Species

The taxonomy of the giant squid, as with many cephalopod genera, has long been debated. Lumpers and splitters may propose as many as seventeen species or as few as one. The broadest list is:

Architeuthis dux, Atlantic giant squid
Architeuthis (Loligo) hartingii
Architeuthis japonica
Architeuthis kirkii
Architeuthis (Megateuthis) martensii, North Pacific giant squid
Architeuthis physeteris
Architeuthis sanctipauli, southern giant squid
Architeuthis (Steenstrupia) stockii
Architeuthis (Loligo) bouyeri
Architeuthis clarkei
Architeuthis (Plectoteuthis) grandis
Architeuthis (Megaloteuthis) harveyi
Architeuthis longimanus
Architeuthis monachus?
Architeuthis nawaji
Architeuthis princeps
Architeuthis (Dubioteuthis) physeteris
Architeuthis titan
Architeuthis verrilli

It is unclear if these are distinct species, as no genetic or physical basis for distinguishing between them has yet been proposed.

In the 1984 FAO Species Catalogue of the Cephalopods of the World, Roper, et al. wrote:

Many species have been named in the sole genus of the family Architeuthidae, but they are so inadequately described and poorly understood that the systematics of the group is thoroughly confused.

In Cephalopods: A World Guide (2000), Mark Norman writes:

The number of species of giant squid is not known, although the general consensus amongst researchers is that there are at least three species, one in the Atlantic Ocean (Architeuthis dux), one in the Southern Ocean (A. sanctipauli) and at least one in the northern Pacific Ocean (A. martensi).

In March 2013, researchers at the University of Copenhagen suggested that, based on DNA research, there is only one species:

... researchers at the University of Copenhagen leading an international team, have discovered that no matter where in the world they are found, the fabled animals are so closely related at the genetic level that they represent a single, global population, and thus despite previous statements to the contrary, a single species worldwide.

Timeline

Main article: List of giant squid specimens and sightings

Aristotle, who lived in the fourth century BC, described a large squid, which he called teuthus, distinguishing it from the smaller squid, the teuthis. He mentions, "of the calamaries, the so-called teuthus is much bigger than the teuthis; for teuthi have been found as much as five ells long".

Pliny the Elder, living in the first century AD, also described a gigantic squid in his Natural History, with the head "as big as a cask", arms 30 ft (9.1 m) long, and carcass weighing 700 lb (320 kg).

Tales of giant squid have been common among mariners since ancient times, and may have led to the Norse legend of the kraken, a tentacled sea monster as large as an island capable of engulfing and sinking any ship. Japetus Steenstrup, the describer of Architeuthis, suggested a giant squid was the species described as a sea monk to the Danish king Christian III circa 1550. The Lusca of the Caribbean and Scylla in Greek mythology may also derive from giant squid sightings. Eyewitness accounts of other sea monsters like the sea serpent are also thought to be mistaken interpretations of giant squid. Nevertheless, the historian Otto Latva, who has studied the past interactions between humans and giant squid, has pointed out that many old stories about sea monsters were not associated with giant squid until the late 19th century. Latva has proposed that the giant squid was monsterized in the 19th century by natural historians and other writers. Regarding seafarers' relationship with giant squid, he explains it as being pragmatic: they did not perceive giant squid as monsters, but as sea animals that could be utilized in various ways.

Steenstrup wrote a number of papers on giant squid in the 1850s. He first used the term "Architeuthus" (this was the spelling he chose) in a paper in 1857. A portion of a giant squid was secured by the French corvette Alecton in 1861, leading to wider recognition of the genus in the scientific community. From 1870 to 1880, many squid were stranded on the shores of Newfoundland. For example, a specimen washed ashore in Thimble Tickle Bay, Newfoundland, on 2 November 1878; its mantle was reported to be 6.1 m (20 ft) long, with one tentacle 10.7 m (35 ft) long, and it was estimated as weighing 1 short ton (0.9 t). Many of these specimens were not preserved, often being processed into manure or animal feed. In 1873, a squid "attacked" a minister and a young boy in a dory near Bell Island, Newfoundland. Many strandings also occurred in New Zealand during the late 19th century.

Although strandings continue to occur sporadically throughout the world, none have been as frequent as those at Newfoundland and New Zealand in the 19th century. It is not known why giant squid become stranded on shore, but it may be because the distribution of deep, cold water where squid live is temporarily altered. Many scientists who have studied squid mass strandings believe they are cyclical and predictable. The length of time between strandings is not known, but was proposed to be 90 years by Architeuthis specialist Frederick Aldrich. Aldrich used this value to correctly predict a relatively small stranding that occurred between 1961 and 1968.

In 2004, another giant squid, later named "Archie", was caught off the coast of the Falkland Islands by a fishing trawler. It was 8.62 m (28.3 ft) long and was sent to the Natural History Museum in London to be studied and preserved. It was put on display on 1 March 2006 at the Darwin Centre. The find of such a large, complete specimen is very rare, as most specimens are in a poor condition, having washed up dead on beaches or been retrieved from the stomachs of dead sperm whales.

Researchers undertook a painstaking process to preserve the body. It was transported to England on ice aboard the trawler; then it was defrosted, which took about four days. The major difficulty was that thawing the thick mantle took much longer than the tentacles. To prevent the tentacles from rotting, scientists covered them in ice packs, and bathed the mantle in water. Then they injected the squid with a formol-saline solution to prevent rotting. The creature is now on show in a 9 m (30 ft) glass tank at the Darwin Centre of the Natural History Museum.

In December 2005, the Melbourne Aquarium in Australia paid A$100,000 for the intact body of a 7-metre-long (23 ft) giant squid, preserved in a giant block of ice, which had been caught by fishermen off the coast of New Zealand's South Island that year.

The number of known giant squid specimens was close to 700 in 2011, and new ones are reported each year. Around 30 of these specimens are exhibited at museums and aquaria worldwide. The Museo del Calamar Gigante in Luarca, Spain, had by far the largest collection on public display, but many of the museum's specimens were destroyed during a storm in February 2014.

The search for a live Architeuthis specimen includes attempts to find live young, including larvae. The larvae closely resemble those of Nototodarus and Onykia, but are distinguished by the shape of the mantle attachment to the head, the tentacle suckers, and the beaks.

Images and video of live animals

Main article: List of giant squid specimens and sightings (2001–2014) § Quest for a live animal

By the turn of the 21st century, the giant squid remained one of the few extant megafauna to have never been photographed alive, either in the wild or in captivity. Marine biologist and author Richard Ellis described it as "the most elusive image in natural history". In 1993, an image purporting to show a diver with a live giant squid (identified as Architeuthis dux) was published in the book European Seashells. However, the animal in this photograph was a sick or dying Onykia robusta, not a giant squid. The first footage of live (larval) giant squid ever captured on film was in 2001. The footage was shown on Chasing Giants: On the Trail of the Giant Squid on the Discovery Channel.

First images of live adult

The first image of a live mature giant squid was taken on 15 January 2002, on Goshiki beach, Amino Cho, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. The animal, which measured about 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in mantle length and 4 m (13 ft) in total length, was found near the water's surface. It was captured and tied to a quay, where it died overnight. The specimen was identified by Koutarou Tsuchiya of the Tokyo University of Fisheries. It is on display at the National Science Museum of Japan.

First observations in the wild

The first photographs of a live giant squid in its natural habitat were taken on 30 September 2004, by Tsunemi Kubodera (National Science Museum of Japan) and Kyoichi Mori (Ogasawara Whale Watching Association). Their teams had worked together for nearly two years to accomplish this. They used a five-ton fishing boat and only two crew members. The images were created on their third trip to a known sperm whale hunting ground 970 km (600 mi) south of Tokyo, where they had dropped a 900 m (3,000 ft) line baited with squid and shrimp. The line also held a camera and a flash. After over twenty tries that day, an 8 m (26 ft) giant squid attacked the lure and snagged its tentacle. The camera took over 500 photos before the squid managed to break free after four hours. The squid's 5.5 m (18 ft) tentacle remained attached to the lure. Later DNA tests confirmed the animal as a giant squid.

One of the series of images of a live giant squid taken by Kubodera and Mori in 2004

On 27 September 2005, Kubodera and Mori released the photographs to the world. The photo sequence, taken at a depth of 900 metres (3,000 ft) off Japan's Ogasawara Islands, shows the squid homing in on the baited line and enveloping it in "a ball of tentacles". The researchers were able to locate the likely general location of giant squid by closely tailing the movements of sperm whales. According to Kubodera, "we knew that they fed on the squid, and we knew when and how deep they dived, so we used them to lead us to the squid". Kubodera and Mori reported their observations in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society.

Among other things, the observations demonstrate actual hunting behaviors of adult Architeuthis, a subject on which there had been much speculation. The photographs showed an aggressive hunting pattern by the baited squid, leading to it impaling a tentacle on the bait ball's hooks. This may disprove the theory that the giant squid is a drifter which eats whatever floats by, rarely moving so as to conserve energy. It seems the species has a much more aggressive feeding technique.

First video of live adult in natural habitat

In November 2006, American explorer and diver Scott Cassell led an expedition to the Gulf of California with the aim of filming a giant squid in its natural habitat. The team employed a novel filming method: using a Humboldt squid carrying a specially designed camera clipped to its fin. The camera-bearing squid caught on film what was claimed to be a giant squid, with an estimated length of 40 feet (12 m), engaging in predatory behavior. The footage aired a year later on a History Channel program, MonsterQuest: Giant Squid Found. Cassell subsequently distanced himself from this documentary, claiming that it contained multiple factual and scientific errors.

In July 2012, a crew from television networks NHK and Discovery Channel captured what was described as "the first-ever footage of a live giant squid in its natural habitat". The footage was revealed on a NHK Special on 13 January 2013, and was shown on Discovery Channel's show Monster Squid: The Giant Is Real on 27 January 2013, and on Giant Squid: Filming the Impossible – Natural World Special on BBC Two. To capture the footage the team aboard OceanX's vessel MV Alucia traveled to the Ogasawara Islands, south of Tokyo and utilized the ship's crewed submersibles. The squid was about 3 m (9.8 ft) long and was missing its feeding tentacles, likely from a failed attack by a sperm whale. It was drawn into viewing range by both artificial bioluminescence created to mimic panicking Atolla jellyfish and by using a Thysanoteuthis rhombus (diamond squid) as bait. The giant squid was filmed feeding for about 23 minutes by Tsunemi Kubodera until it departed. The technique of using unobtrusive viewing and bioluminescence luring of the squid with quiet unobtrusive platforms was described by Edith Widder, a member of the expedition.

Second video of giant squid in natural habitat

On 19 June 2019, in an expedition run by the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Association (NOAA), known as the Journey to Midnight, biologists Nathan J. Robinson and Edith Widder captured a video of a juvenile giant squid at a depth of 759 meters (2,490 feet) in the Gulf of Mexico. Michael Vecchione, a NOAA Fisheries zoologist, confirmed that the captured footage was that of the genus Architeuthis, and that the individual filmed measured at somewhere between 10 and 12 ft (3.0 and 3.7 m).

Other sightings

Main articles: List of giant squid specimens and sightings (2001–2014) § Quest for a live animal, and List of giant squid specimens and sightings (2015–present)

Videos of live giant squids have been occasionally captured near the surface since the 2012 sighting, with one of these aforementioned individuals being guided back into the open ocean after appearing in Toyama Harbor on 24 December 2015. The majority of these sightings were of sick or dying individuals that had come up to the surface.

Aquarium keeping

The giant squid cannot be kept in aquariums due to its hard-to-reach habitat, body size, and special needs. In 2022, a live specimen was found off the coast of Japan, and an attempt was made to transport it to the Echizen Matsushima Aquarium in the city of Sakai.

Cultural depictions

Main articles: Giant squid in popular culture and Kraken in popular culture

Representations of the giant squid have been known from early legends of the kraken through books such as Moby-Dick and Jules Verne's 1870 novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas on to other novels such as Ian Fleming's Dr. No, Peter Benchley's Beast (adapted as a film called The Beast), and Michael Crichton's Sphere (adapted as a film).

In particular, the image of a giant squid locked in battle with a sperm whale is a common one, although the squid is the whale's prey and not an equal combatant.

References

Allcock, L.; Barratt, I. (2014). "Architeuthis dux". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T163265A991505. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T163265A991505.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^ McClain CR, Balk MA, Benfield MC, Branch TA, Chen C, Cosgrove J, Dove AD, Gaskins LC, Helm RR, Hochberg FG, Lee FB, Marshall A, McMurray SE, Schanche C, Stone SN, Thaler AD (2015). "Sizing ocean giants: Patterns of intraspecific size variation in marine megafauna". PeerJ. 3: e715. doi:10.7717/peerj.715. PMC 4304853. PMID 25649000.
^ O'Shea, S.; K. Bolstad (2008). "Giant squid and colossal squid fact sheet". The Octopus News Magazine Online. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2005.
^ Tracey, D. M., O. F. Anderson & J. R. Naylor (2011). A guide to common deepsea invertebrates in New Zealand waters. Third edition. Archived 23 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington. 317 pp.
^ Yukhov, V. L. (2014). Гигантские кальмары рода Architeuthis в Южном океане / Giant calmaries Architeuthis in the Southern ocean Archived 9 March 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Ukrainian Antarctic Journal no. 13: 242–253. (in Russian)
Roper, C. F. E.; Jereb, P. (2010). "Myopsid and Oegopsid Squids". In Jereb, P.; Roper, C. F. E. (eds.). Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. Vol. 2. Rome: FAO. pp. 148–178. No. 4, Vol. 2. Archived from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
Atkinson, Kent (1 May 2008). "Size matters on 'squid row' (+photos, video)". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 25 September 2011.
^ Marshall, Michael (20 March 2013). "World's giant squid are one big happy family". New Scientist. No. 2909. Archived from the original on 31 May 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
^ Kubodera, T.; Mori, K. (2005). "First-ever observations of a live giant squid in the wild". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 272 (1581): 2583–2586. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3158. PMC 1559985. PMID 16321779.
"WoRMS – World Register of Marine Species – Architeuthoidea Pfeffer, 1900". marinespecies.org. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
Guerra, Á.; González, Á.F.; Rocha, F.; Gracia, J.; L. Laria (2006). Enigmas de la Ciencia: El Calamar Gigante (in Spanish). Vigo, Spain: Coordinadora para el Estudio y la Protección de las Especies Marinas (CEPESMA).
Roper, C.F.E., ed. (1998). "Architeuthidae [Pfeffer 1900]". Tree of Life web project. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2007.
Roeleveld, M.A.C. (2002). "Tentacle morphology of the giant squid Architeuthis from the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans". Bulletin of Marine Science. 71 (2): 725–737. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
"Giant Squid Sucker Marks | Smithsonian Ocean". ocean.si.edu. Archived from the original on 23 November 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
Young, R.E.; Vecchione, M.; Mangold, K.M. (2001). "Tentacular club variation in cephalopods". Tree of Life web project. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2007.
Young, R.E.; Vecchione, M.; Mangold, K.M. (2000). "Cephalopod tentacle terminology". Tree of Life web project. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2007.
Vaughan, Jerrod. Fabritius, Stephanie (ed.). "Architeuthis dux". Animal Diversity Web. Archived from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2023.
Nilsson, Dan-Eric; Warrant, Eric J.; Johnsen, Sönke; Hanlon, Roger; Shashar, Nadav (2012). "A unique advantage for giant eyes in Giant Squid". Current Biology. 22 (8): 683–688. Bibcode:2012CBio...22..683N. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.02.031. PMID 22425154.
Piper, R. (2007). Extraordinary Animals: An encyclopedia of curious and unusual animals. Greenwood Press.
Tanabe, K.; Hikida, Y.; Iba, Y. (2006). "Two coleoid jaws from the Upper Cretaceous of Hokkaido, Japan". Journal of Paleontology. 80: 138–145. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2006)080[0138:TCJFTU]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 130583140.
Tanabe, Kazushige; Misaki, Akihiro; Ubukata, Takao (2015). "Late Cretaceous record of large soft-bodied coleoids based on lower jaw remains from Hokkaido, Japan". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 60 (1): 27–38. doi:10.4202/app.00052.2013. ISSN 0567-7920. OCLC 5789669966. Archived from the original on 10 August 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
Klug, Christian; De Baets, Kenneth; Kröger, Björn; Bell, Mark A.; Korn, Dieter; Payne, Jonathan L. (2015). "Normal giants? Temporal and latitudinal shifts of Palaeozoic marine invertebrate gigantism and global change". Lethaia. 48 (2): 267–288. Bibcode:2015Letha..48..267K. doi:10.1111/let.12104. Archived from the original on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
Fuchs, Dirk; Iba, Yasuhiro; Heyng, Alexander; Iijima, Masaya; Klug, Christian; Larson, Neal L.; Schweigert, Günter (2020). Brayard, Arnaud (ed.). "The Muensterelloidea: phylogeny and character evolution of Mesozoic stem octopods". Papers in Palaeontology. 6 (1): 31–92. Bibcode:2020PPal....6...31F. doi:10.1002/spp2.1254. ISSN 2056-2802. S2CID 198256507. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
Roper, Clyde F.E.; Boss, Kenneth J. (1982). "The Giant Squid" (PDF). Scientific American. Vol. 246, no. 4. W. H. Freeman and Company. pp. 96–105. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0482-96. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
Vaughan, Jerrod. "Architeuthis dux". Animal Diversity Web. Archived from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
Roper, Clyde (1982). "The Giant Squid". Scientific American. 246 (4): 96–105. Bibcode:1982SciAm.246d..96R. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0482-96. JSTOR 24966572. Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
Martins, Rodrigo Silvestre; Perez, José Angel Alvarez (2009). "A new record of giant squid Architeuthis sp. (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida) in Brazilian waters". Zoologia (Curitiba). 26 (4): 613–623. doi:10.1590/S1984-46702009005000012. ISSN 1984-4689.
Runck, Allison. "Southern Giant Squid". The Australian Museum. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
Schrope, M. (27 February 2002). "Giant Squid babies captured". News. Discovery. Archived from the original on 29 February 2008.
Wada, Toshifumi; Kubodera, Tsunemi (2015). "First records of small-sized young giant squid Architeuthis dux from the coasts of Kyushu Island and the south-western Sea of Japan". Marine Biodiversity Records. 8: 158–164. Bibcode:2015MBdR....8E.153W. doi:10.1017/S175526721500127X. S2CID 84081990.
Euan McKirdy; Junko Ogura (28 December 2015). "Giant squid surfaces in Japanese harbor". CNN. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
Fessenden, Marissa. "A Giant Squid Visits a Japanese Harbor". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 24 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
^ Bolstad, K.S.; O'Shea, S. (2004). "Gut contents of a giant squid Architeuthis dux (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida) from New Zealand waters". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 31: 15–21. doi:10.1080/03014223.2004.9518354. S2CID 84948932.
"Architeuthis dux". Animal Diversity Web. Archived from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
Aguilar de Soto, N.; Johnson, M. P.; Madsen, P. T.; Díaz, F.; Domínguez, I.; Brito, A.; Tyack, P. (2008). "Cheetahs of the deep sea: Deep foraging sprints in short-finned pilot whales off Tenerife (Canary Islands)" (PDF). Journal of Animal Ecology. 77 (5): 936–947. Bibcode:2008JAnEc..77..936A. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01393.x. PMID 18444999. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
"Whales are 'cheetahs of the deep'". BBC News. 14 May 2008. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 15 May 2008.
Cherel, Yves; Duhamel, Guy (2004). "Antarctic jaws: Cephalopod prey of sharks in Kerguelen waters". Deep Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 51 (1): 17–31. Bibcode:2004DSRI...51...17C. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2003.09.009.
"Killer Whales take down Giant Squid". whale-tales.org. 2021. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
"The bloody pirate life of one of the ocean's most elusive creatures". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
"Washed-up giant squid shows signs of fierce deep-sea fight". Earth Touch News Network. Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
Roper, Clyde; Shea, Elizabeth (2013). "Unanswered questions about the giant squid Architeuthis (Architeuthidae) illustrate our incomplete knowledge of coleoid cephalopods". American Malacological Bulletin. 31 (1). American Malacological Society: 112. doi:10.4003/006.031.0104. S2CID 85739861. Archived from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
Roper, C.F.E.; Sweeney, M.J.; Nauen, C.E. (1984). Cephalopods of the World. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
^ Norman, M.D. (2000). Cephalopods: A world guide. ConchBooks.
Gilbert, Tom; Winkelmann, Inger (20 March 2013). "Monster from the deep hits the surface". University of Copenhagen. Archived from the original on 24 March 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
Aristotle. Historia Animalium. Archived from the original on 4 July 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2008.
^ Ellis, R. (1998). The Search for the Giant Squid. London, UK: Lyons Press.
Pliny. Naturalis Historia.
"The search for the Giant Squid: Chapter One". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
Salvador, Rodrigo B.; Tomotani, Barbara M. (2014). "The Kraken: When myth encounters science". História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos. 21 (3): 971–994. doi:10.1590/S0104-59702014000300010. hdl:20.500.11755/3cfbff1d-83b6-492e-b6df-c4133a84a0e6. PMID 25338036.
"Sea Monks, Sea Bishops, and the Mysterious Umibōzu of Japan". mysteriousuniverse.org. Archived from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
Lee, Henry (1883). "The Great Sea Serpent", Sea Monsters Unmasked, The Fisheries Exhibition Literature 3. London: William Clowes and Sons. p. 67.
Latva, Otto (11 May 2023). The Giant Squid in Transatlantic Culture: The Monsterization of Molluscs (1 ed.). London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003311775. ISBN 978-1-003-31177-5.
^ Verrill, Addison Emery (1882). Report on the cephalopods of the northeastern coast of America. pp. 15–16. Archived from the original on 2 June 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2018 – via biodiversitylibrary.org.
Jha, Alok (1 March 2006). "Giant sea creature goes on display". The Guardian. London, UK. Archived from the original on 10 February 2008. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
^ Holroyd, Jane (21 December 2005). "New squid on the (ice) block". The Age. Melbourne, Australia. Archived from the original on 28 July 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
"Giant Squid goes on display". Natural History Museum. 28 February 2006. Archived from the original on 20 April 2006.
^ Guerra, Á.; González, Á.F.; Pascual, S.; Dawe, E.G. (2011). "The giant squid Architeuthis: An emblematic invertebrate that can represent concern for the conservation of marine biodiversity" (PDF). Biological Conservation. 144 (7): 1989–1997. Bibcode:2011BCons.144.1989G. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.04.021. hdl:10261/44216. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
"El calamar gigante de Gandia se salva del temporal del Cantábrico". Levante-EMV (in Spanish). 4 February 2014. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
Nuwer, Rachel. "Elusive Giant Squid Captured on Film for the First Time". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Poppe, G.T.; Goto, Y. (1993). European Seashells. Hemmen.
"Chasing giants: On the trail of the Giant Squid". niwa.cri.nz. 28 February 2002. Archived from the original on 25 June 2008.
O'Shea, S. (4 October 2003). "Re: Living Architeuthis photo". The Octopus News Magazine Online. 11880. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012.
O'Shea, S. (4 October 2003). "Re: Living Architeuthis photo". The Octopus News Magazine Online. 11852. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013.
^ 巨大イカ現れる [Giant squid appears !!]. Kyoto Prefecture Web Site (in Japanese). 1 February 2002. Archived from the original on 17 December 2005. (巨大イカ現れる. 1 February 2002. second page. Archived from the original on 17 December 2005.)
丹後の海の生き物（ダイオウイカ）. Kyoto Prefecture Web Site (in Japanese). 13 December 2006. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
ダイオウイカが舞鶴市神崎海岸に漂着しました. Kyoto Prefecture Web Site (in Japanese). January 2008. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
"Board of Directors". Undersea Voyager Project. 2010. Archived from the original on 24 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
^ "Scott Cassell" (PDF). Biography. Explore Green. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
Cassell, Scott (20 November 2007). "Monster Quest: The Giant Squid – found". Scott Cassell's Blog. ScubaBoard.com. Archived from the original on 7 December 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
"The Giant Squid, Captured on Camera in its Natural Habitat for the First Time Ever! Revealed on NHK and Discovery Channel" (PDF). NHK. 9 January 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2013.
"Giant squid filmed in Pacific depths: Japan scientists". Agence France-Presse. 7 January 2013. Archived from the original on 11 January 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
"Giant Creature". NHK Ocean and Planet (in Japanese). NHK. Archived from the original on 9 January 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
^ 史上初の快挙深海で泳ぐダイオウイカを世界初放送 [The first admirable act: The first broadcast of the giant squid which swims in the deep sea] (in Japanese). Oricon. 6 January 2013. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
Robey, Jason (12 October 2012). "Giant Squid Captured on Video for First Time". Discovery. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012.
Giant Squid: Filming the Impossible – Natural World Special Archived 23 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine. BBC.
"Search for the Giant Squid". OceanX. 12 May 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
Monster Squid: The Giant Is Real. Discovery Channel.
"Transcript of "How we found the giant squid"". 5 March 2013. Archived from the original on 5 January 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
"NOAA-funded expedition captures rare footage of Giant Squid in the Gulf of Mexico". NOAA Research. Archived from the original on 27 June 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
Jarvis, Brooke (21 June 2019). "Giant Squid, phantom of the deep, reappears on video". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 21 June 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
"Giant squid caught on video by Japanese scientists". Reuters. 22 December 2006. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
"The Giant Squid, captured on camera in its natural habitat for the first time ever! Revealed on NHK and the Discovery Channel" (PDF). NHK. 9 January 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2013.
"Giant Squid visits harbor in Japan". News. Discovery. Archived from the original on 31 December 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
"Rare Giant Squid caught on film in Japan". Animals Amazing!. Yahoo! Travel. 29 December 2015. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
"Ultra-rare live giant squid washes ashore in Japan". 21 April 2022.
Hoare, Philip (3 June 2013). "Professor Malcolm Clarke, acclaimed authority on the sperm whale and giant squid". Obituary. The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2017. Giant squid eaten by sperm whales

External links

Taxon identifiers
Architeuthis	Wikidata: Q204646 Wikispecies: Architeuthis ADW: Architeuthis AFD: Architeuthis BioLib: 134609 BOLD: 5959 CoL: 7NPL6 EoL: 51388 GBIF: 2290178 iNaturalist: 246411 IRMNG: 1010478 ITIS: 82392 NBN: NBNSYS0000179346 NCBI: 34555 NZOR: 62814a6f-902a-4d14-b513-991355714814 Open Tree of Life: 564394 WoRMS: 156850

Categories:

Misplaced Pages