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Arganodus Temporal range: Early Triassic-Early Cretaceous PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Life restoration of A. dorotheae
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Sarcopterygii
Class:	Dipnoi
Order:	Ceratodontiformes
Family:	†Arganodontidae Martin, 1982
Genus:	†Arganodus Martin, 1979
Species
†A. atlantis Martin, 1979 †A. dorotheae (Case, 1921) †A. multicristatus (Vorobyeva & Minikh, 1968) †A. tiguidiensis (Tabaste, 1963)

Arganodus is an extinct genus of freshwater lungfish that had a wide global distribution throughout much of the Triassic period, with a single species surviving across Gondwana into the Cretaceous. It is the only member of the family Arganodontidae, although it is sometimes placed in the Ceratodontidae or synonymized with the genus Asiatoceratodus.

It was first named by Martin in 1979 based on fossils found at Tizi n'Maâchou in the Marrakech area of Morocco, in rocks of the Timezgadiouine Formation belonging to the Argana Group (hence the generic name).

Taxonomy

Arganodus contains the following species:

• †A. atlantis Martin, 1979 - Carnian of Morocco (Timezgadiouine Formation) and Algeria (Zarzaitine Formation) (=Ceratodus arganensis Martin, 1979)
• †A. dorotheae (Case, 1921) - Middle Norian of Texas and New Mexico (Tecovas Formation), late Norian of Arizona (Chinle Formation in Petrified Forest National Park)
• †A. multicristatus (Vorobyeva & Minikh, 1968) - Late Olenekian of European Russia (Yarenskian Gorizont) and Helgoland (Buntsandstein), possibly early Anisian of Poland (Holy Cross Mountains)
• †A. tiguidiensis (Tabaste, 1963) - Late Jurassic of Algeria (Taouratine Group), Morocco (Anoual Formation) & Uruguay (Tacuarembó Formation); Early Cretaceous of Niger (Elrhaz Formation), Algeria (Gara Samani Formation), and Brazil (Alcântara Formation)

Indeterminate specimens have been found in the Redonda Formation, New Mexico and the Cumnock Formation, North Carolina, although the North Carolinian specimens are smaller than most recorded specimens. Other indeterminate remains are also known from the Late Triassic of India and Turkey. Possibly the oldest records of the genus are probable remains from the Induan of northwestern Australia. It has been suggested that shortly after the origin of Arganodus in the early Triassic, it spread into what is now Europe, evolving into A. multicristatus. Before the Late Triassic, it diverged into two vicariant lineages separated by the Central Pangean Mountains: A. atlantis in the east, and A. dorotheae & the Cumnock species in the west, while going extinct in the European region. It eventually went extinct in Laurasia, but one species, A. tiguidensis, managed to survive in Gondwana throughout the Jurassic and Cretaceous.

Kemp (1998) placed Arganodus as a synonym of Asiatoceratodus, and this taxonomy has been followed by many other authors, although others still retain them as different genera and families.

Paleoecology

Arganodus was probably similar to modern lungfish, and lived in underwater burrows during dry periods until monsoons occurred.

References

1. ^ "PBDB Taxon". Paleobiology Database. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
2. Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (22 February 2016). Fishes of the World. Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
3. ^ Kemp, A. (10 April 1998). "Skull structure in post-Paleozoic lungfish". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 18 (1): 43–63. Bibcode:1998JVPal..18...43K. doi:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011033. ISSN 0272-4634.
4. ^ Skrzycki, Piotr; Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz; Tałanda, Mateusz (2018). "Dipnoan remains from the Lower-Middle Triassic of the Holy Cross Mountains and northeastern Poland, with remarks on dipnoan palaeobiogeography". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 496: 332–345. Bibcode:2018PPP...496..332S. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.01.049. ISSN 0031-0182.
5. Martin, M. (1979). "Arganodus atlantis et Ceratodus arganensis, deux nouveaux Dipneustes du Trias supérieur continental marocain ". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris. 289: 89–92.
6. ^ "Petrified Forest National Park – Vertebrates of the Late Triassic (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. 13 April 2007. Archived from the original on 12 June 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
7. Haddoumi, Hamid; Allain, Ronan; Meslouh, Said; Metais, Grégoire; Monbaron, Michel; Pons, Denise; Rage, Jean-Claude; Vullo, Romain; Zouhri, Samir (January 2016). "Guelb el Ahmar (Bathonian, Anoual Syncline, eastern Morocco): First continental flora and fauna including mammals from the Middle Jurassic of Africa" (PDF). Gondwana Research. 29 (1): 290–319. Bibcode:2016GondR..29..290H. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2014.12.004. ISSN 1342-937X.
8. Soto, M.; Perea, D. (2010), "Late Jurassic lungfishes (Dipnoi) from Uruguay, with comments on the systematics of Gondwanan ceradontiforms", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30 (4): 1049–1058, Bibcode:2010JVPal..30.1049S, doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.483540
9. "The Microvertebrate Fauna of Shark Tooth Hill, Redonda Formation (Late Triassic, Apachean), Quay County, New Mexico". Andrew B. Heckert, Spencer G. Lucas and Adrian P. Hunt, New Mexico Museum of National History. 2005. Archived from the original on 2 June 2008. Retrieved 14 July 2008.
10. "A New Microvertebrate Fauna from the Upper Triassic (Norian) Cumnock Formation, Durham Subbasin, North Carolina, USA". Andrew B. Heckert, Vincent Schneider, Paul E. Olsen, and Sterling Nesbitt. 2006. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
11. Heckert, Andrew B.; Mitchell, Jonathan S.; Schneider, Vincent P.; Olsen, Paul E. (2012). "Diverse new microvertebrate assemblage from the Upper Triassic Cumnock Formation, Sanford Subbasin, North Carolina, USA". Journal of Paleontology. 86 (2): 368–390. Bibcode:2012JPal...86..368H. doi:10.1666/11-098.1. ISSN 0022-3360.

External links

• Arganodus at the Paleobiology Database
• Arganodus at Zipcodezoo.com
• The Geographic Distribution and Biostratigraphy of Late Triassic-Early Jurassic Freshwater Fish Faunas of the Southwestern United States
• www.texasfinearts.com
• Preliminary Review of the Early Jurassic (Hettangian) Fresh Water Lake Dixie Fish Fauna in the Whitmore Pointmemeber, Moenave Formation in Southwest Utah
• The Moncure Microvertibrate Fauna (Upper Triassic: Norian), Colon Cross-structure/Sanford Sub-basin, North Carolina, USA

v t e Dipnomorpha
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Osteichthyes Clade: Sarcopterygii Clade: Rhipidistia Gnathostomata see Gnathostomata Dipnomorpha see below↓ Dipnomorpha
Dipnomorpha †Arquatichthys †Powichthys †Porolepiformes Duffichthys Durialepis Glyptolepis Hamodus Heimenia Holoptychius Laccognathus Porolepis Pseudosauripterus Quebecius Ventalepis Dipnoi †Ctenodus †Conchopoma †Diabolepis †Dianodipterus †Eoctenodus †Gosfordia †Ichnomylax †Iranorhynchus †Isityumzi †Janvierpaucidentes †Megapleuron †Oervigia †Orlovichthys †Proceratodus †Rhinodipterus †Sagenodus †Straitonia †Tarachomylax †Tranodis †Westollrhynchus †Youngolepis †Uranolophidae Melanognathus Uranolophus †Dipnorhynchidae Dipnorhynchus Ganorhynchus Speonesydrion †Stomiahykidae Archaeonectes Stomiahykus †Chirodipteridae Chirodipterus Gogodipterus Palaedaphus Pillararhynchus Sorbitorhynchus Sunwapta †Holodontidae Asthenorhynchus Griphognathus Holodipterus Iowadipterus Robinsondipterus Xeradipterus †Dipteridae Amadeodipterus Conchodus Dipterus Howidipterus †Fleurantiidae Barwickia Fleurantia †Rhynchodipteridae Rhynchodipterus Soederberghia †Phaneropleuridae Andreyevichthys Nielsenia Phaneropleuron Pentlandia Scaumenacia †Uronemidae Ganopristodus Uronemus Ceratodontoidei †Ferganoceratodus †Paraceratodus †Ptychoceratodus Neoceratodontidae †Archaeoceratodus †Asiatoceratodus †Mioceratodus Neoceratodus †Ceratodontidae Arganodus Ariguna Ceratodus Epiceratodus Lupaceratodus Metaceratodus Microceratodus? Potamoceratodus Retodus Tellerodus †Gnathorhizidae Beltanodus Gnathorhiza Microceratodus? Monongahela Namatozodia Palaeophichthys? Persephonichthys Lepidosirenidae Lepidosiren Protopterus

• Prehistoric lungfish genera
• Induan genus first appearances
• Olenekian genera
• Carnian genera
• Bathonian genera
• Kimmeridgian genera
• Aptian genera
• Albian genus extinctions
• Triassic bony fish
• Jurassic bony fish
• Cretaceous bony fish
• Triassic fish of North America
• Triassic fish of Africa
• Triassic fish of Europe
• Jurassic fish of Africa
• Jurassic fish of South America
• Early Cretaceous fish of Africa
• Early Cretaceous fish of South America
• Late Triassic animals of North America
• Late Triassic animals of Africa
• Early Triassic animals of Europe
• Fossils of Morocco
• Fossils of Algeria
• Fossils of Niger
• Fossils of Uruguay
• Fossils of Brazil
• Fossils of Russia
• Fossils of Germany
• Fossils of Poland
• Fossils of the United States
• Fossils of Texas
• Fossils of North Carolina
• Chinle fauna
• Fossils of India
• Fossils of Turkey
• Triassic fish of Australia
• Fossil taxa described in 1979