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Argun (Amur)

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River in Russia and China
Argun
Taken from Shiwei, Inner Mongolia, China.
Russia is on the opposite side.
EtymologyDerived from Proto-Mongolic *ergene 'wide'
Native name
Location
CountryChina, Russia
Russian KraiZabaykalsky Krai
Chinese RegionHulunbuir
Physical characteristics
SourceHailar
 • locationGreater Khingan mountains
 • coordinates49°56′13″N 122°27′54″E / 49.937°N 122.465°E / 49.937; 122.465
2nd sourceKherlen
 • locationabout 195 kilometres (121 mi) from Ulaanbaatar
 • coordinates48°N 109°E / 48°N 109°E / 48; 109
 • elevation1,961 m (6,434 ft)
MouthAmur
 • coordinates53°20′N 121°28′E / 53.333°N 121.467°E / 53.333; 121.467
Length1,620 km (1,010 mi)
Basin size164,000 km (63,000 sq mi)
Discharge 
 • average340 m/s (12,000 cu ft/s)
Basin features
ProgressionAmur→ Sea of Okhotsk
Argun
Argun River in the Amur basin
Chinese name
Chinese额尔古纳河
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinÉrgǔnà hé
Mongolian name
Mongolian CyrillicЭргүнэ мөрөн
Transcriptions
SASM/GNCErgüne gol
Manchu name
Manchu script
RomanizationErgune bira
Russian name
RussianАргунь

The Argun /ɑːrˈɡuːn/ or Ergune (Chinese: 额尔古纳河) is a 1,620-kilometre (1,010 mi) long river that forms part of the eastern China–Russia border, together with the Amur. Its upper reaches are known as the Hailar River (海拉尔河) in China. The Argun marks the border (established by the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689) between Russia and China for about 944 kilometres (587 mi), until it meets the Amur.

Name

The name derives from Buryat Urgengol 'wide river' (urgen 'wide' + gol 'river'). Mongolian word "ergün" (in Traditional Mongolian alphabet) or "örgön" (in modern Mongolian) means "wide".

Geography

The river flows from the Western slope of the Greater Xing'an Range in China's Inner Mongolia, and forms the Chinese side of the two rivers that flow together to produce the Amur (Heilong). Its confluence with the Shilka at Ust-Strelka on the Russian side forms the Amur. The Argun is 1,620 kilometres (1,010 mi) long including its upper course Hailar, and has a drainage basin of 164,000 square kilometres (63,000 sq mi). Its main tributaries are the Urov, Uryumkan and Gazimur from the left, and the Gen He from the right.

Kherlen–Argun–Amur

In years with high precipitation, the normally exitless Hulun Lake may overflow at its northern shore, and the water will meet the Argun after about 30 kilometres (19 mi). The Kherlen–Argun–Amur system has a total length of 5,052 kilometres (3,139 mi).

History

In The Secret History of the Mongols is a legend related to the Ergüne hun Mongol ancestry. In this legend, the Mongols prevailed over other tribes and carried such slaughter among them, that in living remained no more than two men and two women. These two families, in fear of the enemy, fled to the inhospitable terrain, which included only mountains and forests and to which there was no road. Among those mountains was the abundant grass and healthy climate of the steppe. Then, legend tells that in Ergune-Khun, Mongols multiplied and become masters of iron smelting and blacksmithing. According to legend, it is the art of melting iron that has helped them escape from the mountain gorges on scope of the current Mongolian steppes, to the Kherlen (Kelulun) and Onon River.

Prior to the emergence of the Mongols, the Amur River basin was home to certain tribes of Jurchen people, who founded the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in northern China. The Manchu people who founded the Qing dynasty (1644–1912) additionally claimed descent from the Jurchens. Following the Russian conquest of Siberia in the 17th century, Russia-China relations were formalized in the 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk, which established the Argun River as the China–Russia border. However, prior to the Amur Annexation of Outer Manchuria, China's border extended further to include the so-called Sixty-Four Villages East of the River in present-day Amur Oblast, southern Khabarovsk, and all of Primorsky Krai. Although the subsequent Amur Annexation fixed the eastern Sino-Russian border at the Amur, it would only be at the 1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement when all Sino-Soviet border conflicts would be resolved.

References

  1. Pospelov, E.M. (1998). Geograficheskie nazvaniya mira. Moscow: Russkie slovari. p. 42.
  2. ^ Аргунь, Great Soviet Encyclopedia
  3. Perkins, Dorothy (2013). "Amur River (Heilongjiang)". Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture. Routledge. pp. 10–11.
China Major rivers of China
Yangtze system
Yellow system
Pearl system
Heilongjiang system
Huai system
Hai system
Liao system
Other major rivers
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