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The Armstrong process is used to refine titanium. Its output is particle-sized dust which can be sprayed into pattern-molds. It was patented in 1999. The output of this process has a "coral-like morphology", which differs from the traditional outputs like "spherical gas-atomized powder, mechanically crushed angular particles, or the titanium sponge morphology created during the Kroll process."

History

The Armstrong process was patented in 1999.

In 2016 a paper by MacDonald et al. told that the Armstrong powder was produced directly from the reduction of Titanium tetrachloride "in a continuous liquid loop", and cost only "11-24 USD/kg", or roughly an order of magnitude higher than the price of steel.

Description

The reducing agent for the Armstrong process is sodium, which is liquefied and introduced in a combined stream with titanium tetrachloride.

${\displaystyle {\ce {{TiCl4}+4{Na}->{Ti}+4{NaCl}}}}$

References

1. Araci, Kerem; Mangabhai, Damien; Akhtar, Kamal (2015). "Production of titanium by the Armstrong Process®". Titanium Powder Metallurgy. pp. 149–162. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-800054-0.00009-5. ISBN 978-0-12-800054-0.
2. W.H.P. Bill, C.A. Blue, J.O. Kiggans, and J.D.K. Rivard, Powder Metallurgy and Solid State Processing of Armstrong Titanium and Titanium Alloy Powders, ITA Annual Conference 2007
3. ^ MacDonald, D.; Fernández, R.; Delloro, F.; Jodoin, B. (2017). "Cold Spraying of Armstrong Process Titanium Powder for Additive Manufacturing". Journal of Thermal Spray Technology. 26 (4): 598–609. Bibcode:2017JTST...26..598M. doi:10.1007/s11666-016-0489-2.
4. ^ U.S. patent 5,958,106
5. "Price History" (PDF). SteelBenchmarker. June 10, 2024. Retrieved 18 June 2024.

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