Arnošt or Arnost is a given name. Notable people with the name include:
- Arnost, medieval Bishop of Rochester
- Arnost Bellis (1882–1928), Czech writer, poet, journalist and translator
- Inocenc Arnošt Bláha (1879–1960), prominent Czech sociologist and philosopher
- Arnost Zvi Ehrman (1914–1976), Czech Jewish Orthodox rabbi
- Arnošt Frischer (1887–1954), Czechoslovak Jewish politician
- Arnošt Goldflam (born 1946), Czech playwright, writer, director, screenwriter, and actor
- Arnošt Hájek (born 1941), Czech biathlete
- Arnošt Hložek (1929–2013), Slovak football coach and player
- Arnošt Klíma (1916–2000), historian of the Czech-speaking region
- Arnošt Klimčík (born 1945), Czechoslovak handball player
- Arnošt Königsgarten (1880–1942), Austrian businessman and fencer
- Arnošt Kreuz (1912–1974), Czech football forward in the 1938 FIFA World Cup
- Arnošt Lustig (1926–2011), Czech Jewish author of novels, short stories, plays and screenplays
- Arnošt Muka (1854–1932), German and Sorbian writer, linguist and scientist
- Arnošt Nejedlý (1883–1917), Czech long-distance runner
- Arnošt Novák (1880–1939), Czech literary historian and critic
- Arnošt of Pardubice (1297–1364), the first Archbishop of Prague
- Arnošt Poisl (born 1939), Czech rower
- Arnošt Konstantin Růžička (1761–1845), the second bishop of Budweis
- Jan Arnošt Smoler (1816–1884), Sorbian philologist and writer
- Arnošt Valenta (1912–1944), Czechoslovak Army officer, Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve radio operator
- Arnost Wiesner (1890–1971), modernist architect, one of the foremost interwar period architects of Brno
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