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Aspidorhynchus Temporal range: Middle Jurassic–Berriasian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Fossil of Aspidorhynchus sanzenbacheri
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	†Aspidorhynchiformes
Family:	†Aspidorhynchidae
Genus:	†Aspidorhynchus Agassiz, 1833
Type species
†Esox acutirostris Blainville, 1818
Species
See text

Aspidorhynchus (from Greek: ᾰ̓σπίς aspís 'shield' and Greek: ῥύγχος rhúnkhos 'snout') is an extinct genus of predatory ray-finned fish from the Middle Jurassic to the earliest Cretaceous. Fossils have been found in Europe, Antarctica and the Caribbean.

Aspidorhynchus was a slender, fast-swimming fish, some species reach 85 centimetres (2.79 ft) long, with tooth-lined, elongated jaws. It also had heavy scales and a symmetrical tail. The upper jaw was longer than the lower jaw, ending in a toothless spike. Although it would have looked superficially similar to the present day gars, it was not related to them, belonging to the Aspidorhynchiformes, an extinct group of fish noted for their elongated rostrums. Aspidorhynchiformes are generally considered early relatives of teleosts.

Taxonomy

Aspidorhynchus contains the following species:

• †A. acutirostris (Blainville, 1818) - Kimmeridgian of Germany (Nusplingen Limestone)
• †?A. antarcticus Richter & Thompson, 1989 - Tithonian of James Ross Island, Antarctica (Ameghino Formation)
• †A. arawaki Brito, 1997 - Oxfordian of Cuba (Jagua Formation)
• †A. crassus Woodward, 1890 - Bathonian of England (Taynton Limestone Formation)
• †A. euodus Egerton, 1845 - Callovian of England (Oxford Clay)
• †A. fisheri Egerton, 1845 - Berriasian of England (Purbeck Group)
• †A. ornatissimus Agassiz, 1834 - Tithonian of Germany (Solnhofen Formation)
• †A. sanzenbacheri Brito and Ebert, 2009 - Tithonian of Germany (Solnhofen Formation)

A. antarcticus is known from Jurassic remains reworked into the Albian Whisky Bay Formation, and was the oldest neopterygian fossil discovered in Antarctica at the time. However, some studies have instead classified it in Vinctifer, which was later also identified from the same formation. Other species previously classified in Aspidorhynchus, such as A. comptoni, have also since been moved to Vinctifer, whereas others have been moved to Belonostomus.

A potential species, A. montissancti Gorjanović-Kramberger, 1895 is known from the Cenomanian of Slovenia.

Ecology

Several limestone slabs have been discovered in which fossils of Rhamphorhynchus are found in close association with Aspidorhynchus. In one of these specimens, the jaws of an Aspidorhynchus pass through the wings of the Rhamphorhynchus specimen. The Rhamphorhynchus also has the remains of a small fish, possibly Leptolepides, in its throat. This slab, cataloged as WDC CSG 255, may represent two levels of predation; one by Rhamphorhynchus and one by Aspidorhynchus. In a 2012 description of WDC CSG 255, researchers proposed that the Rhamphorhynchus individual had just caught a Leptolepides while it was flying low over a body of water. As the Leptolepides was travelling down its pharynx, a large Aspidorhynchus would have attacked from below the water, puncturing the left wing membrane of the Rhamphorhynchus with its sharp rostrum. The teeth in its snout were ensnared in the fibrous tissue of the wing membrane, and as the fish thrashed to release itself the left wing of the Rhamphorhynchus was pulled backward into the distorted position seen in the fossil. The encounter resulted in the death of both individuals, most likely because the two animals sank into an anoxic layer in the water body, depriving the fish of oxygen. The two may have been preserved together as the weight of the head of the Aspidorhynchus held down the much lighter body of the Rhamphorhynchus.

References

1. ^ López-Arbarello, Adriana; Schröder, Kerstin M. (June 2014). "The species of Aspidorhynchus Agassiz, 1833 (Neopterygii, Aspidorhynchiformes) from the Jurassic plattenkalks of Southern Germany". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 88 (2): 167–185. doi:10.1007/s12542-013-0187-z. ISSN 0031-0220. S2CID 84101462.
2. Nelson, J. S.; Grande, T. C.; Wilson, M. V. H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118342336.
3. ^ "PBDB Taxon". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
4. López-Arbarello, Adriana; Schröder, Kerstin M. (2014-06-01). "The species of Aspidorhynchus Agassiz, 1833 (Neopterygii, Aspidorhynchiformes) from the Jurassic plattenkalks of Southern Germany". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 88 (2): 167–185. doi:10.1007/s12542-013-0187-z. ISSN 1867-6812.
5. Richter, Martha; Thomson, M. R. A. (1989). "First Aspidorhynchidae (Pisces: Teleostei) from Antarctica". Antarctic Science. 1 (1): 57–64. doi:10.1017/S0954102089000106. ISSN 1365-2079.
6. Arratia, Gloria; Scasso, Roberto A.; Kiessling, Wolfgang (2004-03-25). "Late Jurassic fishes from Longing Gap, Antarctic Peninsula". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (1): 41–55. doi:10.1671/1952-4. hdl:11336/91532. ISSN 0272-4634.
7. Frey, E.; and Tischlinger, H. (2012). "The Late Jurassic pterosaur Rhamphorhynchus, a frequent victim of the ganoid fish Aspidorhynchus?". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e31945. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031945. PMC 3296705. PMID 22412850.

v t e Teleostei sensu de Pinna, 1996 (= Teleosteomorpha)
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Subclass: Neopterygii Actinopterygii see Actinopterygii Neopterygii see Neopterygii Teleostei see below↓
Teleostei Teleostei †Atacamichthys †Baleiichthys †Barschichthys †Bunoderma †Ceramurus †Diplospondichthys? †Dorsetichthys †Elpistoichthys †Eurycormus †Galkinia †Grimmenichthys †Hengnania †Hulettia? †Hungkiichthys †Ichthyokentema †Jialingichthys †Ligulella †Luxembourgichthys †Majokia †Marcopoloichthys †Neobaleiichthys †Oligopleurus? †Pholidophorichthys †Pholidophoroides †Pholidophoropsis †Prohalecites †Ruedersdorfia †Seefeldia †Seinstedtia †Signeuxella †Pachycormidae Eugnathides? Euthynotus Haasichthys Notodectes Pseudoasthenocormus Sauropsis Hypsocorminae Australopachycormus Hypsocormus Kaykay Orthocormus Protosphyraena Simocormus Asthenocorminae Asthenocormus Bonnerichthys Germanostomus Leedsichthys Martillichthys Ohmdenia Pachycormus? Rhinconichthys Saurostomus †Aspidorhynchidae Aspidorhynchus Belonostomus Jonoichthys Pseudovinctifer Richmondichthys Vinctifer †Pholidophoridae sensu stricto Annaichthys Ceneichthys Eopholidophorus Knerichthys Lombardichthys Malingichthys Parapholidophorus Pholidoctenus Pholidophoretes Pholidophorus Pholidorhynchodon Pseudopholidoctenus Zambellichthys †Archaeomaenidae Aphnelepis Archaeomaene Gurvanichthys Oreochima Wadeichthys Zaxilepis †Siyuichthyidae Bogdaichthys Dsungarichthys Manasichthys Siyuichthys Wukangia †Pleuropholidae Austropleuropholis Gondwanapleuropholis Parapleuropholis Pleuropholis Zurupleuropholis †Ankylophoridae Ankylophorus Lehmanophorus Neopholidophoropsis Pholidophoristion Siemensichthys Songaichthys Steurbautichthys †Catervariolidae Catervariolus Kisanganichthys Songanella Cycloid clade †Antofagastaichthys †Araripichthys †Cavenderichthys †Koonwarria? †Luisiella †Paraclupavus †Pholidolepis? †Todiltia †Waldmanichthys †Leptolepididae Leptolepis Longileptolepis Proleptolepis †Ascalaboidae Ascalabos Ebertichthys Tharsis †Crossognathiformes see Crossognathiformes †Ichthyodectiformes see Ichthyodectiformes Crown-Teleostei see below↓
Crown-Teleostei Elopomorpha see Elopomorpha †Orthogonikleithridae Cavenderichthys? Leptolepides Orthogonikleithrus Waldmanichthys? Osteoglossomorpha see Osteoglossomorpha †Tselfatiiformes Eoplethodus Protobramidae Abisaadichthys Eusebichthys Protobrama Plethodidae Bachea Bananogmius Concavotectum Dixonanogmius Enischnorhynchus Luxilites Martinichthys Moorevillia Niobrara Paranogmius Pentanogmius Plethodus Pseudonogmius Pseudothryptodus Rhamphoichthys Syntegmodus Thryptodus Tselfatia Zanclites Clupeocephala Otocephala Euteleostei

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• Prehistoric ray-finned fish genera
• Aspidorhynchiformes
• Middle Jurassic bony fish
• Late Jurassic bony fish
• Early Cretaceous bony fish
• Middle Jurassic fish of Europe
• Late Jurassic fish of Europe
• Jurassic fish of North America
• Early Cretaceous fish of Europe
• Prehistoric fish of Antarctica
• Mesozoic vertebrates of Antarctica
• Fossils of England
• Fossils of France
• Fossils of Cuba
• Fossils of Germany
• Solnhofen fauna
• Bathonian genus first appearances
• Callovian genera
• Kimmeridgian genera
• Tithonian genera
• Berriasian genus extinctions
• Fossil taxa described in 1833
• Taxa named by Louis Agassiz
• Jurassic fish stubs