| Assyrian conquest of Aram | |||||||
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| Assyrians | Arameans | ||||||
The Assyrian conquest of Aram (c. 856-732 BCE) concerns the series of conquests of largely Aramean, Phoenician, Sutean and Neo-Hittite states in the Levant (modern Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, and northern Jordan) by the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911-605 BCE). This region was known as Eber-Nari and Aram during the Middle Assyrian Empire (1365-1020 BCE) and the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
Background
Following the Late Bronze Age collapse, the Aramaeans quickly came to dominate much of the Levantine inland. They formed a patch network of small kingdoms throughout Syria and Upper Mesopotamia, bringing them into direct contact and threat with the civil war-ridden Middle Assyrian state.
These Aramean kingdoms included: Aram-Damascus, Hamath, Bit Adini, Bit Bahiani, Bit Hadipe, Aram-Bet Rehob, Aram-Zobah, Bit-Zamani, Bit-Halupe and Aram-Ma'akah, as well as the Aramean tribal confederations of the Gambulu, Litau and Puqudu in the region of Babylon. In the northern Levant, a mixture of Aramaeans and remnants of the Hittites endured in the form of small Syro-Hittite states which formed following the Late Bronze Age collapse.
On other hand, along the Mediterranean coast, Phoenician city states such as Tyre, Sidon, Arwad, Beirut, Simyra, Onoba and Tarshish managed to survive the collapse and flourished in maritime trade across the Mediterranean Sea. Further east the Sutean, Aramean and Arab tribes formed confederations in the Syrian Desert and the Middle Euphrates region.
Further south in the region of modern day Israel and Jordan were Canaanite-spreaking Biblical kingdoms of Israel, Judah, Ammon, Edom and Moab. There were also the Arab tribes of Nabatu and the Qedarites. In addition, the region of the modern day Gaza Strip was settled by the Philistines, who originated in the Aegean sea.
Assyrian conquest
The Neo-Assyrian Empire begins with the accession of Adad-nirari II in 911 BCE. He drove Arameans from Assyrian territory in Tur-Abdin, the Khabur Delta, Jazirah, the Kashiari mountains, Amid (modern Diyarbakir) and Mérida (modern Mardin) thus securing the borders of Assyria proper.
Large scale invasion began with the conquests of Ashurnasirpal II (883-859 BCE) who secured large swathes of eastern and northern Aram for Assyria, then advanced to the Mediterranean, forcing tribute upon the Phoenician city states of the coast.
Shalmaneser III (859-824 BCE) continued the trend, conquering Bit Adini in 856 BCE and driving the Neo-Hittites from Carchemish. In attempt to halt Assyrian expansion, a huge coalition of nations united to oppose the Assyrian king, this alliance included not just the Aramean, Phoenician, Neo-Hittite and Sutean kingdoms and tribes of the region, but also the Babylonians, Egyptians, Elamites, Israelites and Arabs (the first mention of Arabs in historical record). This array of nations confronted the Assyrian army the Battle of Qarqar in 853 BCE, however they failed to defeat Shalmaneser III and the Assyrian king was then able to pick off his enemies individually over the next few years, and by the end of his reign most of the Levant was either under direct Assyrian rule or paying tribute.
However, during the reign of Shamshi-Adad V (823-811 BCE) and queen Semiramis (811-806 BCE) further expansion in Aramea was largely suspended due to instability in Assyria itself.
When Adad-nirari III (811-783 BCE) ascended the throne, he resumed vigorous Assyrian expansion in all directions. In 796 BCE he conquered Aram-Damascus, an event which it never truly recovered from.
Shalmaneser IV(783–773 BCE), Ashur-dan III (772-755 BCE) and Ashur-nirari V (754-745 BCE) maintained Assyrian possessions, but were unable to expand much further due to power struggles with their own nobles and generals.
However, in 744 BCE Tiglath-Pileser III (744-727 BCE) ascended the throne and conquered the entirety of the Levant, and in 732 BCE, he destroyed the kingdom of Aram-Damascus for ever in the process.
This region, known as Aram and Eber-Nari, remained an integral part of the Neo-Assyrian Empire until its collapse in 612 BCE, although some northern parts of the region remained under the control of the remnants of the Assyrian army and administration until 599 BCE.
Subsequent to this much of the region fell to the short-lived Neo-Babylonian Empire (612-539 BCE), and the whole region of modern Syria, Lebanon, the south central Turkish borders and northern Jordan eventually became a satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire (539-332 BCE), and was still known as Aramea and Eber-Nari throughout this period with the exception of the Assyrian-inhabited north-east of today's modern Syria and south-east of modern Turkey, which was a part of the satrapy of Athura (Achaemenid Assyria).
The Seleucid Empire (312-150 BCE) succeeded the Achaemenid Persians. The fact that it had long been ruled by Assyria lead the Greeks to label the land Syria, which was in fact originally a 9th-century BCE Indo-European derivative of Assyria and had not previously referred to Aram, the Levant or its peoples (see Etymology of Syria). Eventually this led to the generic use of the terms Syrian and Syriac to describe both the actual Assyrians of northern Mesopotamia themselves, and the largely Aramean and Phoenician peoples of the Levant.
References
- Mynářová, Jana; Dušek, Jan (9 April 2019). Aramaean Borders Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th – 8th Centuries B.C.E. Brill. p. 41. ISBN 9789004398535.
- Georges Roux, Ancient Iraq pp. 280-281
- Mynářová, Jana; Dušek, Jan (9 April 2019). Aramaean Borders Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th – 8th Centuries B.C.E. Brill. p. 41. ISBN 9789004398535.
- Healy, Mark (1991). The Ancient Assyrians. New York: Osprey. p. 10.
- Georges Roux, Ancient Iraq p. 297
- Georges Roux, Ancient Iraq p. 309