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In 1984, the International Organization for Succulent Plant Study set up a working party, now called the International Cactaceae Systematics Group, to produce a consensus classification of the cactus family, down to the level of genus. Their classification has been used as the basis for systems published since the mid-1990s. Treatments in the 21st century have generally divided the family into around 125–130 genera and 1,400–1,500 species, which are then arranged in a number of tribes and subfamilies. However, subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that a very high proportion of the higher taxa (genera, tribes and subfamilies) are not monophyletic, i.e. they do not contain all of the descendants of a common ancestor. As of August 2023, the internal classification of the family Cactaceae remained uncertain and subject to change. A classification incorporating many of the insights from the molecular studies was produced by Nyffeler and Eggli in 2010.

Overview

The classification of the family Cactaceae remains uncertain as of August 2023. Since the mid-1990s, the system produced by the International Cactaceae Systematics Group (ICSG) of the International Organization for Succulent Plant Study has been used as the basis of many published classifications. Detailed treatments produced in the 21st century have divided the family into around 125–130 genera and 1,400–1,500 species, which are then arranged into a number of tribes and subfamilies.

The ICSG classification of the family recognizes four subfamilies: Pereskioideae (consisting only of the genus Pereskia), Opuntioideae, Maihuenioideae (consisting only of the genus Maihuenia) and Cactoideae. Molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that Pereskia is not monophyletic (i.e. its species are not the complete set of descendants of a common ancestor), so that Pereskioideae is not monophyletic although the three other subfamilies are. The Bayesian consensus cladogram from a 2005 study is shown below:

Five tribes have been recognized within the subfamily Opuntioideae: Tephrocacteae, Pterocacteae, Austrocylindropuntieae, Cylindropuntieae and Opuntieae. All but the first, Tephrocacteae, were shown to be "essentially monophyletic" in molecular phylogenetic study in 2009. A summary of the consensus Bayesian tree is shown below (tribes are bold; the number of species in the study is shown in parentheses).

Many of the genera within the Opuntioideae are not monophyletic. Maihueniopsis is highly polyphyletic, appearing in four separate lineages. The two largest genera within the subfamily, Opuntia and Cylindropuntia are also not monophyletic. The classification of the Opuntioideae is thus uncertain as of March 2012; Griffith and Porter say that changes in classification will require "broad information (of multiple data types) regarding all species of opuntioid cacti".

The ICSG classification divides the subfamily Cactoideae into nine tribes. However, phylogenetic research has not supported most of these tribes, nor even the genera of which they are composed. A 2011 study found that "an extraordinarily high proportion of genera" were not monophyletic, including 22 (61%) of the 36 genera in the subfamily Cactoideae sampled in the research. Of the nine tribes recognized within Cactoideae, one, Calymmantheae, comprises a single genus, Calymmanthium. Of the remaining eight, only two (Cacteae and Rhipsalideae) have been shown to be monophyletic. A summary of the cladograms for the Cactoideae presented in a 2011 paper is shown below (ICSG tribes in bold).

The classification of the Cactaceae thus remains subject to change, from the genus level upwards. In 2016, David Hunt wrote that "the advent of molecular systematic studies in the past two decades will hopefully have a stabilizing effect on classification in due course, but has so far had the opposite effect".

Nyffler and Eggli (2010) classification

In 2010, Nyffler and Eggli produced a classification based on an explicit phylogeny. The broad outlines of their cladogram agree with that of Hern et al. (2011), shown above, although some details are different. Their classification corresponds to the cladogram shown below.

The table below shows how the genera recognized by Nyffler and Eggli are placed into their subfamilies and tribes (they also use some subtribes, not shown here). The column headed "Older tribe (if different)" shows the ICSG classification of the subfamily Cactoideae (as presented by Anderson in 2001) with a 2002 classification of the subfamily Opuntioideae. There are differences in the genera recognized in the systems; where the older system does not recognize the genus, "–" is shown.

Earlier classification

Unless otherwise indicated, the subfamily placement of the genera listed here is based on Anderson's 2001 presentation of the ICSG classification, as is the tribal placement of the genera of the subfamily Cactoideae. The division of the subfamily Opuntioideae into tribes is additional to the ICSG system.

Subfamily Pereskioideae

• Pereskia Mill.

synonyms: Peirescia Zucc. (orth. var.), Peireskia Steud. (orth. var.), Perescia Lem. (orth. var.), Rhodocactus (A.Berger) F.M.Knuth

Subfamily Opuntioideae

Tribe Austrocylindropuntieae

• Austrocylindropuntia Backeb.
• Cumulopuntia F.Ritter

Tribe Cylindropuntieae

• Cylindropuntia (Engelm.) F.M.Knuth – chollas
• Grusonia F.Rchb. ex Britton & Rose

including Corynopuntia F.M.Knuth, Micropuntia Daston

• Pereskiopsis Britton & Rose

synonyms: Peireskiopsis Vaupel (orth. var.)

• Quiabentia Britton & Rose

Tribe Opuntieae

• Brasiliopuntia (K.Schum.) A.Berger
• Consolea Lem.
• Miqueliopuntia Fric ex F.Ritter
• Opuntia Mill. – prickly pears

synonyms: Airampoa Fric, Cactodendron Bigelow, nom. inval., Cactus Lem., Chaffeyopuntia Fric & Schelle, Clavarioidia Kreuz. (nom. inval.), Ficindica St.-Lag., Nopalea Salm-Dyck, Parviopuntia Soulaire & Marn.-Lap. (nom. inval.), Phyllarthus Neck. ex M.Gómez (nom. inval.), Salmiopuntia Fric (nom. inval.), Subulatopuntia Fric & Schelle, Tunas Lunell, Weberiopuntia Fric

including Nopalea Salm-Dyck

• Salmonopuntia P.V.Heath
• Tacinga Britton & Rose
• Tunilla D.R.Hunt & Iliff

Tribe Pterocacteae

• Pterocactus K.Schum.

Tribe Tephrocacteae

• Maihueniopsis Speg.

including Puna R.Kiesling

• Tephrocactus Lem.

synonyms: Pseudotephrocactus Fric

Subfamily Maihuenioideae

• Maihuenia (Phil. ex F.A.C.Weber) K.Schum.

Subfamily Cactoideae

Tribe Browningieae

• Armatocereus Backeb.
• Browningia Cárdenas, Gymnocereus Rauh & Backeb.
• Jasminocereus Britton & Rose
• Neoraimondia Britton & Rose

synonyms: Neocardenasia Backeb.

• Stetsonia Britton & Rose

Tribe Cacteae

• Acharagma (N.P.Taylor) Glass
• AriocarpusScheidw. – living rock

synonyms: Anhalonium Lem., Neogomesia Castañeda, Neogomezia Buxb. (orth. var.), Roseocactus A.Berger, Stromatocactus Karw. ex Rümpler (nom. inval.)

• Astrophytum Lem.

synonyms: Astrophyton Lawr. (orth. var.), Maierocactus E.C.Rost

• Aztekium Boed.
• Chichimecactus Bárcenas, H.M.Hern. & P.Hern.-Led.
• Cochemiea (K.Brandegee) Walton – see Mammillaria
• Coryphantha (Engelm.) Lem. – beehive cactus

synonyms: Aulacothele Monv. (nom. inval.), Cumarinia Buxb., Glandulifera (Salm-Dyck) Fric, Lepidocoryphantha Backeb., Roseia Fric (nom. inval.)

• Echinocactus Link & Otto – barrel cactus

synonyms: Brittonrosea Speg., Echinofossulocactus Lawr., Homalocephala Britton & Rose

• Echinomastus Britton & Rose
• Epithelantha F.A.C.Weber ex Britton & Rose – pingpong ball cactus
• Escobaria Britton & Rose – foxtail cactus, pincushion cactus

synonyms: Cochiseia W.H.Earle, Escobesseya Hester, Fobea Fric (nom. inval.), Neobesseya Britton & Rose

• Ferocactus Britton & Rose – barrel cactus

synonyms: Bisnaga Orcutt, Brittonia C.A.Armstr. (nom. inval.)

• Geohintonia Glass & W.A.Fitz Maur.
• Leuchtenbergia Hook.
• Lophophora J.M.Coult. – peyote

• Mammillaria Haw. – fishhook cactus, globe cactus, pincushion cactus, bird's-nest cactus

synonyms: Bartschella Britton & Rose, Cactus L., Chilita Orcutt, Cochemiea (K.Brandegee) Walton, Dolichothele (K.Schum.) Britton & Rose, Ebnerella Buxb., Haagea Fric, Krainzia Backeb., Lactomammillaria Fric (nom. inval.), Leptocladia Buxb., Leptocladodia Buxb., Mamillaria F.Rchb. (orth. var.), Mamillopsis (E.Morren) F.A.C.Weber ex Britton & Rose, Mammariella Shafer (nom. inval.), Mammilaria Torr. & A.Gray (orth. var.), Neomammillaria Britton & Rose, Oehmea Buxb., Phellosperma Britton & Rose, Porfiria Boed., Pseudomammillaria Buxb., Solisia Britton & Rose

• Mammilloydia Buxb.
• Neolloydia Britton & Rose

synonyms: Napina Fric (nom. inval.), Pseudosolisia Y.Itô (nom. inval.)

• Obregonia Fric
• Ortegocactus Alexander
• Pediocactus Britton & Rose – hedgehog cactus

synonyms: Navajoa Croizat, Pilocanthus B.W.Benson & Backeb.

• Pelecyphora C.Ehrenb.

synonyms: Encephalocarpus A.Berger

• Sclerocactus Britton & Rose – fishhook cactus

synonyms: Ancistrocactus Britton & Rose, Coloradoa Boissev. & C.Davidson, Glandulicactus Backeb., Toumeya Britton & Rose

• Stenocactus (K.Schum.) A.W.Hill

synonyms: Echinofossulocactus Britton & Rose, Efossus Orcutt (orth. var.)

• Strombocactus Britton & Rose
• Thelocactus (K.Schum.) Britton & Rose

synonyms: Hamatocactus Britton & Rose, Thelomastus Fric (nom. inval.)

• Turbinicarpus (Backeb.) Buxb. & Backeb. – top cactus

synonyms: Gymnocactus Backeb., Normanbokea Kladiwa & Buxb., Rapicactus Buxb. & Oehme

Tribe Calymmantheae

• Calymmanthium F.Ritter

synonyms: Diploperianthium F.Ritter (nom. inval.)

Tribe Cereeae

• Aylostera Speg.

synonyms: Digitorebutia Frič & Kreuz. ex Buining, Mediolobivia Backeb.

• Arrojadoa Britton & Rose

synonyms: Pierrebraunia Esteves

• Brasilicereus Backeb.
• Cereus Mill. – sweet potato cactus

synonyms: Mirabella F.Ritter, Piptanthocereus (A.Berger) Riccob., Subpilocereus Backeb.

• Cipocereus F.Ritter

synonyms: Floribunda F.Ritter

• Coleocephalocereus Backeb.

synonyms: Buiningia Buxb.

• Melocactus Link & Otto

synonyms: Cactus Britton & Rose

• Micranthocereus Backeb.

synonyms: Austrocephalocereus Backeb., Siccobaccatus P.J.Braun & Esteves

• Pilosocereus Byles & G. D. Rowley – tree cactus

synonyms: Pilocereus K.Schum., Pseudopilocereus Buxb.

• Praecereus Buxb.
• Reicheocactus Backeb.
• Serrulatocereus Guiggi
• Stephanocereus A.Berger
• Uebelmannia Buining

Tribe Hylocereeae

• Disocactus Lindl.

synonyms: Aporocactus Lem., Aporocereus Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.), Bonifazia Standl. & Steyerm., Chiapasia Britton & Rose, Disisocactus Kunze (orth. var.), Disocereus Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.), Heliocereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose, Lobeira Alexander, Mediocereus Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.), Nopalxochia Britton & Rose, Pseudonopalxochia Backeb., Trochilocactus Linding., Wittia K.Schum., Wittiocactus Rauschert

• Epiphyllum Haw. – climbing cactus

synonyms: Phyllocactus Link, Phyllocereus Miq.

• Hylocereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose – nightblooming cactus

synonyms: Wilmattea Britton & Rose

• Pseudorhipsalis Britton & Rose
• Selenicereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose – moonlight cactus, nightblooming cereus

synonyms: Cryptocereus Alexander, Deamia Britton & Rose, Marniera Backeb., Mediocactus Britton & Rose, Strophocactus Britton & Rose, Strophocereus Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.)

• Weberocereus Britton & Rose

synonyms: Eccremocactus Britton & Rose, Eccremocereus Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.), Werckleocereus Britton & Rose

Tribe Notocacteae

• Austrocactus Britton & Rose
• Blossfeldia Werderm.
• Cintia Kníže & Říha
• Copiapoa Britton & Rose

synonyms: Pilocopiapoa F.Ritter

• Eriosyce Phil.

synonyms: Ceratistes Labour. (nom. inval.), Chileniopsis Backeb., Chileocactus Fric (nom. inval.), Chileorebutia Fric (nom. inval.), Chiliorebutia Fric (orth. var.), Delaetia Backeb., Dracocactus Y.Itô (nom. inval.), Euporteria Kreuz. & Buining, Hildmannia Kreuz. & Buining, Horridocactus Backeb., Islaya Backeb., Neochilenia Backeb. ex Dölz, Neoporteria Britton & Rose, Neoporteria Backeb., Neotanahashia Y.Itô, Nichelia Bullock (nom. inval.), Pyrrhocactus (A.Berger) A.W.Hill, Rodentiophila F.Ritter ex Backeb., Thelocephala Y.Itô

• Eulychnia Phil.

synonyms: Philippicereus Backeb.

• Frailea Britton & Rose
• Neowerdermannia Fric
• Parodia Speg.

synonyms: Acanthocephala Backeb., Brasilicactus Backeb., Brasiliparodia F.Ritter, Brasilocactus Fric (nom. inval.), Chrysocactus Y.Itô (nom. inval.), Dactylanthocactus Y.Itô, Eriocactus Backeb., Eriocephala Backeb., Friesia Fric (nom. inval.), Hickenia Britton & Rose, Malacocarpus Salm-Dyck, Microspermia Fric, Neohickenia Fric, Notocactus (K.Schum.) Fric, Sericocactus Y.Itô, Wigginsia D.M.Porter

• Yavia R.Kiesling & Piltz

Tribe Pachycereeae

• Acanthocereus (Engelm. ex A.Berger) Britton & Rose – triangle cactus

synonyms: Dendrocereus Britton & Rose, Monvillea Britton & Rose

• Bergerocactus Britton & Rose – snake cactus

synonyms: Bergerocereus Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.)

• Carnegiea Britton & Rose – saguaro
• Cephalocereus Pfeiff. – old man cactus

synonyms: Haseltonia Backeb., Neodawsonia Backeb., Pilocereus Lem.

• Corryocactus Britton & Rose

synonym: Corryocereus Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.), Erdisia Britton & Rose, Eulychnocactus Backeb. (nom. inval.)

• Dendrocereus Britton & Rose – see Acanthocereus
• Echinocereus Engelm. – hedgehog cactus

synonyms: Morangaya G.D.Rowley, Wilcoxia Britton & Rose

• Escontria Rose
• Isolatocereus Backeb. – see Stenocereus
• Leptocereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose

synonyms: Neoabbottia Britton & Rose

• ×Myrtgerocactus Moran

• Myrtillocactus Console

synonyms: Myrtillocereus Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.)

• Neobuxbaumia Backeb.

synonyms: Pseudomitrocereus Bravo & Buxb., Rooksbya Backeb.

• ×Pacherocactus G.D.Rowley

• Pachycereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose

synonyms: Backebergia Bravo, Lemaireocereus Britton & Rose, Lophocereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose, Marginatocereus (Backeb.) Backeb., Mitrocereus (Backeb.) Backeb., Pterocereus T.MacDoug. & Miranda

• Peniocereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose

synonyms: Cullmannia Distefano, Neoevansia W.T.Marshall, Nyctocereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose

• Polaskia Backeb.

synonyms: Chichipia Backeb. (nom. inval.), Heliabravoa Backeb.

• Pseudoacanthocereus F.Ritter
• Stenocereus (A.Berger) Riccob.

synonyms: Hertrichocereus Backeb., Isolatocereus Backeb., Isolatocereus (Backeb.) Backeb., Machaerocereus Britton & Rose, Marshallocereus Backeb., Neolemaireocereus Backeb., Rathbunia Britton & Rose, Ritterocereus Backeb.

Tribe Rhipsalideae

• Hatiora Britton & Rose

synonyms: Epiphyllopsis Backeb. & F.M.Knuth, Hariota DC., Pseudozygocactus Backeb., Rhipsalidopsis Britton & Rose

• Lepismium Pfeiff.

synonyms: Acanthorhipsalis (K.Schum.) Britton & Rose, Acanthorhipsalis Kimnach, Pfeiffera Salm-Dyck

• Rhipsalis Gaertn.

synonyms: Cassytha Mill., Erythrorhipsalis A.Berger, Hariota Adans., Lymanbensonia Kimnach

• Schlumbergera Lem. – Christmas cactus, Easter cactus

synonyms: Epiphyllanthus A.Berger, Epiphyllum Pfeiff., Opuntiopsis Knebel (nom. inval.), Zygocactus K.Schum., Zygocereus Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.)

Tribe Trichocereeae

• Acanthocalycium Backeb.

synonyms: Spinicalycium Fric (nom. inval.)

• Arthrocereus A.Berger
• Brachycereus Britton & Rose

• Cleistocactus Lem.

synonyms: Akersia Buining, Bolivicereus Cárdenas, Borzicactella H.Johnson ex F.Ritter, Borzicactus Riccob, Borzicereus Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.), Cephalocleistocactus F.Ritter, Cleistocereus Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.), Clistanthocereus Backeb., Demnosa Fric, Gymnanthocereus Backeb., Hildewintera F.Ritter, Loxanthocereus Backeb., Maritimocereus Akers, Pseudoechinocereus Buining (nom. inval.), Seticereus Backeb., Seticleistocactus Backeb., Winteria F.Ritter, Winterocereus Backeb.

• Cephalocleistocactus F.Ritter – see Cleistocactus
• Denmoza Britton & Rose
• Discocactus Pfeiff.
• Echinopsis Zucc. – San Pedro cactus

synonyms: Acantholobivia Backeb., Acanthopetalus Y.Itô, Andenea Fric (nom. inval.), Aureilobivia Fric, nom. inval., Chamaecereus Britton & Rose, Chamaelobivia Y. Itô (nom. inval.), Cinnabarinea Fric ex F.Ritter, Echinolobivia Y.Itô (nom. inval.), Echinonyctanthus Lem., Furiolobivia Y.Itô (nom. inval.), Helianthocereus Backeb, Heterolobivia Y.Itô (nom. inval.), Hymenorebulobivia Fric (nom. inval.), Hymenorebutia Fric ex Buining, Leucostele Backeb., Lobirebutia Fric (nom. inval.), Lobivia Britton & Rose, Lobiviopsis Fric (nom. inval.), Megalobivia Y.Itô (nom. inval.), Mesechinopsis Y.Itô, Neolobivia Y.Itô, Pilopsis Y.Itô (nom. inval.), Pseudolobivia (Backeb.) Backeb., Rebulobivia Fric (nom. inval.), Salpingolobivia Y.Itô, Scoparebutia Fric & Kreuz. ex Buining, Setiechinopsis (Backeb.) de Haas, Soehrensia Backeb., Trichocereus (A.Berger) Riccob.

• Espostoa Britton & Rose

synonyms: Binghamia Britton & Rose, Pseudoespostoa Backeb., Thrixanthocereus Backeb.,

• Espostoopsis Buxb.

synonyms: Gerocephalus F.Ritter

• Facheiroa Britton & Rose

synonyms: Zehntnerella Britton & Rose

• Gymnocalycium Pfeiff. ex Mittler – chin cactus

synonyms: Brachycalycium Backeb.

• Haageocereus Backeb.

synonyms: Floresia Krainz & F.Ritter ex Backeb. (nom. inval.), Haageocactus Backeb. (nom. inval.), Lasiocereus F.Ritter, Neobinghamia Backeb., Peruvocereus Akers

• × Haagespostoa G.D.Rowley

• Harrisia Britton – apple cactus

synonyms: Eriocereus (A.Berger) Riccob., Roseocereus Backeb.

• Lasiocereus F.Ritter – see Haageocereus
• Leocereus Britton & Rose
• Matucana Britton & Rose

synonyms: Eomatucana F.Ritter

• Mila Britton & Rose
• Oreocereus (A.Berger) Riccob.

synonyms: Arequipa Britton & Rose, Arequipiopsis Kreuz. & Buining, Morawetzia Backeb., Submatucana Backeb.

• Oroya Britton & Rose
• Pygmaeocereus H.Johnson & Backeb.
• Rauhocereus Backeb.

• Rebutia K.Schum.

synonyms: Aylostera Speg., Bridgesia Backeb., Cylindrorebutia Fric & Kreuz., Digitorebutia Fric & Kreuz., Echinorebutia Fric (nom. inval.), Eurebutia Fric (nom. inval.), Gymnantha Y.Itô, Mediolobivia Backeb., Mediorebutia Fric (nom. inval.), Neogymnantha Y.Itô, Reicheocactus Backeb., Setirebutia Fric & Kreuz. (nom. inval.), Spegazzinia Backeb., Sulcorebutia Backeb., Weingartia Werderm.

• Samaipaticereus Cárdenas
• Weberbauerocereus Backeb.

synonyms: Meyenia Backeb.

• Vatricania Backeb.

• Yungasocereus F.Ritter

Notes and references

1. ^ Nyffeler, R. & Eggli, U. (2010), "A farewell to dated ideas and concepts: molecular phylogenetics and a revised suprageneric classification of the family Cactaceae", Schumannia, 6: 109–149, doi:10.5167/uzh-43285, S2CID 89650660
2. ^ Anderson 2001, pp. 99–103
3. Hunt, D.R., ed. (2006), The New Cactus Lexicon (two volumes), Milborne Port: dh books, ISBN 978-0-9538134-4-5, cited in Bárcenas, Yesson & Hawkins 2011
4. ^ Bárcenas, Rolando T.; Yesson, Chris & Hawkins, Julie A. (2011), "Molecular systematics of the Cactaceae", Cladistics, 27 (5): 470–489, doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00350.x, PMID 34875796, S2CID 83525136
5. ^ Edwards, Erika J.; Nyffeler, Reto & Donoghue, Michael J. (2005), "Basal cactus phylogeny: implications of Pereskia (Cactaceae) paraphyly for the transition to the cactus life form", American Journal of Botany, 92 (7): 1177–1188, doi:10.3732/ajb.92.7.1177, PMID 21646140
6. ^ Wallace, R.S. & Dickie, S.L. (2002), "Systematic implication of chloroplast DNA sequence variation in subfam. Opuntioideae (Cactaceae)", Succulent Plant Research, 6: 9–24, cited in Griffith & Porter 2009
7. Griffith, M. Patrick & Porter, J. Mark (2009), "Phylogeny of Opuntioideae (Cactaceae)", International Journal of Plant Sciences, 170 (1): 107–116, doi:10.1086/593048, S2CID 85142301. Tree based on fig. 1 with tribes from fig. 2.
8. Griffith & Porter 2009, p. 114
9. Hernández-Hernández, Tania; Hernández, Héctor M.; De-Nova, J. Arturo; Puente, Raul; Eguiarte, Luis E. & Magallón, Susana (2011), "Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of growth form in Cactaceae (Caryophyllales, Eudicotyledoneae)", American Journal of Botany, 98 (1): 44–61, doi:10.3732/ajb.1000129, PMID 21613084
10. Hunt, David (2016), CITES Cactaceae Checklist (PDF) (3rd ed.), Royal Botanic Gardens, ISBN 978-0-9933113-2-1, retrieved 2017-03-30
11. ^ Anderson 2001, pp. 100–103
12. ^ "Family: Cactaceae Juss., nom. cons. subfam. Opuntioideae", Germplasm Resources Information Network, United States Department of Agriculture, 2004-02-13, archived from the original on 2012-08-25, retrieved 2012-03-26
13. Bárcenas, Rolando, Héctor M. Hernández, Patricia Hernández-Ledesma, and Luis Manuel Montoya Gómez (2021). Chichimecactus (Cactoideae, Cactaceae), a new genus based on molecular characterisation of highly endangered Strombocactus species. Phytotaxa Vol. 512 No. 3: 27 July 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.512.3.2
14. Kiesling, R. & Ferrari, O. (2003), "Yavia cryptocarpa – conservation action on a new and interesting cactus", British Cactus and Succulent Journal, 21 (1): 20–25

Bibliography

• Anderson, Edward F. (2001), The Cactus Family, Pentland, Oregon: Timber Press, ISBN 978-0-88192-498-5

• Cacti
• Plant taxonomies