Aviation Traders Carvair - Misplaced Pages

Transport aircraft

ATL-98 Carvair
Aviation Traders ATL-98 Carvair, British Air Ferries, 1975
General information
Type	Transport
Manufacturer	Aviation Traders
Status	Retired from service
Number built	21 conversions
History
Introduction date	16 February 1962 with Channel Air Bridge
First flight	21 June 1961
Developed from	Douglas DC-4

The Aviation Traders ATL-98 Carvair is a retired large transport aircraft powered by four radial engines. It was a Douglas DC-4-based air ferry conversion developed by Freddie Laker's Aviation Traders (Engineering) Limited (ATL), with a capacity generally of 22 passengers in a rear cabin, and five cars loaded in at the front.

Design and development

Freddie Laker's idea to convert surplus examples of the Douglas DC-4 and its military counterpart the C-54 Skymaster to carry cars was a relatively inexpensive solution to develop a successor to the rapidly aging and increasingly inadequate Bristol 170 Freighter, the car ferry airlines' mainstay since the late 1940s.

The Bristol Freighter's main drawback was its limited car payload: even the "long-nosed" Mark 32 was able to accommodate only three cars, in addition to 20 passengers. This made carrying cars by air a very risky business: if a booked car did not arrive for the flight, the one-third cut in payload made the flight unprofitable. This was made worse by the increasing average length of British cars during the 1950s: the average UK car in 1959 was 25 centimetres (9.8 in) longer than in 1950. The extreme seasonality of the car ferry business furthermore resulted in poor aircraft utilization outside peak periods. Moreover, repeated takeoffs and landings on short cross-Channel flights, in turbulent air at lower altitudes with tight turnarounds of as little as 20 minutes, made the aircraft prone to structural fatigue problems, necessitating rigorous and costly modification programmes, further increasing the type's operating costs on low-yield routes.

When the major airlines replaced their obsolete piston airliners with new Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8 jets on their prestige long-haul routes, the unit price of second-hand DC-4s dropped to as little as £50,000 (equivalent to £1.5 million today). The conversion of each of these airframes into car-passenger carriers cost about £80,000 (£2.4 million today). This was easily affordable by smaller airlines, such as the car ferry companies. Freddie Laker's cardboard model of a converted DC-4 featuring a door in the nose and a flight deck raised above the fuselage had shown that its payload was superior to the Bristol Freighter/Superfreighter. The aircraft conversion was designed to accommodate five average-sized British cars plus 25 passengers in the DC-4's longer and wider fuselage. British Air Ferries (BAF), for example, operated its Carvairs in a flexible configuration, either accommodating five cars and 22 passengers or two-three cars and 55 passengers, changeable from one configuration to the other in about 40 minutes. In addition, the DC-4's lack of pressurisation was suitable for low-altitude cross-Channel flights, making the proposed structural conversion straightforward. The result was a new aircraft christened Carvair (derived from car-via-air).

Initially, it was thought that second-hand, pressurised Douglas DC-6 and Douglas DC-7 airframes could be converted into larger, "second generation" Carvairs within 15 years of the original DC-4-based Carvair's entry into service.

The conversion of the original DC-4 entailed replacing the forward fuselage with one 8 feet 8 inches (2.64 m) longer, with a flight deck raised into a bulbous "hump" like the later Boeing 747 jet, to allow a sideways-hinged nose door. It also required more powerful wheel brakes and an enlarged tail, often thought to be a Douglas DC-7 unit, but actually a completely new design. The engines, four Pratt & Whitney R-2000 Twin Wasps, were unchanged.

The prototype conversion first flew on 21 June 1961. Twenty-one Carvairs were produced in the UK, with production of aircraft 1, 11 and 21 at Southend Airport and the others at Stansted Airport. The final three aircraft were delivered to Australia's Ansett-ANA, which supplied its own DC-4s to ATL for conversion, unlike the previous 18 aircraft that were purchased by ATL and either sold on or transferred to associate company British United Air Ferries (BUAF). One of the two aircraft still flying in June 2007 was an ex-Ansett airframe. A second Ansett aircraft was abandoned at Phnom Penh in 1975. The first flight of the last conversion, number 21, for Ansett, was on 12 July 1968.

Basic price for a Carvair newly converted from a C-54 airframe (two of the three Ansett airframes supplied were of the DC-4 variant) in 1960 was £150,000, equivalent to £4.4 million today.

Operational history

The Carvair was used by Aer Lingus, BUA/BUAF and BAF among others, and was used in Congo-Kinshasa during 1962–1963, under contract to the United Nations. Aircraft for Aer Lingus were quickly convertible between 55 seats, and 22 seats with five cars. Some aircraft were pure freighters with only nine seats. One aircraft had 55 high-density seats and room for three cars. BAF was the last operator in Europe of the aircraft, keeping them flying into the 1970s.

Former operators

Australia

Ansett Australia

Canada

Eastern Provincial Airways

Dominican Republic

Dominicana de Aviación

Spain

Aviaco

France

Ireland

Aer Lingus

Italy

Alisud

Luxembourg

Interocean Airways

New Zealand

Nationwide Air

South Africa

Phoebus Apollo Aviation

Switzerland

International Committee of the Red Cross

Tunisia

Tunis Air

United Kingdom

British United Air Ferries and successor British Air Ferries (BAF)
Channel Air Bridge

United States

Falcon Airways

Accidents and incidents

Of the 21 airframes, eight were destroyed in crashes:

Rotterdam, Netherlands 1962
Karachi, Pakistan 1967
Twin Falls, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada 1968
Miami, Florida, United States 1969
Le Touquet, France 1971
Venetie, Alaska, United States 1997
Griffin, Georgia, United States 1997
McGrath, Alaska, United States 2007

Surviving aircraft

9J-PAA (the 21st and final Carvair built) is in South Africa with Phoebus Apollo Aviation. Formerly registered in Zambia, the aircraft is currently on display at Rand Airport, where it sits near other uncommon aircraft such as the Boeing 747SP. Although removed from the Zambian register, the owner planned to return it to the skies for air shows.
N89FA "Miss 1944" (the 9th Carvair) is based in Gainesville, Texas at KGLE Gainesville Municipal Airport. The aircraft is still complete as of April 2024, and has been seen receiving periodic maintenance, but there is no specific evidence that she has flown in recent years. In 2005 this aircraft appeared at the World Free Fall Convention, Rantoul, Illinois, where it took over 100 skydivers into the air in one flight.

Specifications

Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1965–66

General characteristics

Crew: 2 or 3
Capacity:
- Maximum seating 85 passengers or
- five cars and 22 passengers or
- 19,335 lb (8,770 kg) cargo
Length: 102 ft 7 in (31.27 m)
Wingspan: 117 ft 6 in (35.81 m)
Height: 29 ft 10 in (9.09 m)
Wing area: 1,462 sq ft (135.8 m)
Aspect ratio: 9.45:1
Airfoil: NACA 23016 at root, NACA 23012 at tip
Empty weight: 41,365 lb (18,763 kg)
Max takeoff weight: 73,800 lb (33,475 kg)
Fuel capacity: 2,993 imp gal (3,594 US gal; 13,610 L)
Powerplant: 4 × Pratt & Whitney R-2000-7M2 Twin Wasp 14-cylinder radial engines, 1,450 hp (1,080 kW) each
Propellers: 3-bladed Hamilton-Standard Hydromatic, 13 ft 1 in (3.99 m) diameter

Performance

Maximum speed: 250 mph (400 km/h, 220 kn)
Cruise speed: 207 mph (333 km/h, 180 kn) at 10,000 ft (3,000 m) (econ. cruise)
Stall speed: 119 mph (192 km/h, 103 kn) (wheels and flaps up)
Never exceed speed: 275 mph (443 km/h, 239 kn)
Range: 2,300 mi (3,700 km, 2,000 nmi) at 10,000 ft (3,000 m) with maximum payload, 3,455 mi (3,002 nmi; 5,560 km) with 10,000 lb (4,500 kg) payload and max fuel
Service ceiling: 18,700 ft (5,700 m)
Rate of climb: 650 ft/min (3.3 m/s)
Takeoff distance to 50 ft (15 m): 4,200 ft (1,300 m)
Landing distance from 50 ft (15 m): 3,120 ft (950 m)

Notable appearances in media

Main article: Aircraft in fiction § Aviation Traders Carvair

British United Carvairs made an appearance in the 1964 James Bond movie Goldfinger as Auric Goldfinger and bodyguard Oddjob boarded G-ASDC bound for Switzerland while Goldfinger's Rolls-Royce Phantom was being loaded through the Carvair's nose. In the 1967 TV series The Prisoner in the episode "The Chimes of Big Ben", the plane is seen being loaded through the nose, then taking off and landing again. A Carvair serves as Charlie Marshall's plane in the John Le Carre novel The Honourable Schoolboy.

Notes

^ Eglin & Ritchie 1980, pp. 76–77
Flight International 15 August 1968, p. 249
Eglin & Ritchie 1980, pp. 77–78
Whybrow 1959, p. 710
Flight 18 November 1960, p. 783
^ Vandervord 2018, p. 90
^ Vandervord 2018, p. 97
Vandervord 2018, p. 96
"Croix Rouge - Aviation Traders ATL-98 Carvair - LN-NAA msn 14/10458". aviationtraderscarvair.com. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
Green, William (1967). The Observers Basic Book of Aircraft - Civil. London: Fredrick Warbe & Co. Inc. p. 66.
Vandervord 2018, pp. 94–95
Brouwer, Maarten. "Rotterdam Airport Crash". Aviation Traders Carvair. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
"1967 Database". Aviation Safety Network.
"1968 Database". Aviation Safety Network.
"1969 Database". Aviation Safety Network.
"CRASH OF A AVIATION TRADERS ATL-98 CARVAIR IN LE TOUQUET". Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archive.
"National Transportation Safety Board Aviation Accident Final Report Accident Number: ANC97LA093" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. 10 November 1998. Retrieved 25 August 2017. Accident occurred Saturday, June 28, 1997 ... The crew made a successful landing and ran away from the airplane. The airplane continued to burn and was destroyed by fire.
"1997 Database". Aviation Safety Network.
"30 May 2007: Carvair N898AT Wrecked". Old Wings.
Peters, Luke (20 April 2024). "The Aviation Traders Carvair (April 20, 2024)". Aerotime. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
"N89FA Carvair, photo showing maintenance in progress, 8 November 2015". jetphotos.com. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
"2005 List of jump aircraft". World Free Fall Convention (freefall.com). Retrieved 30 September 2024.
Taylor 1965, p. 129
Scott, Jeff (13 January 2002). "Carvair in Goldfinger". aerospaceweb.org. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
"Rolls-Royce Phantom III". Bond Lifestyle. 9 October 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2024.

References

"Air Transport: British Air Ferries Look Ahead". Flight International. Vol. 94, no. 3102. 15 August 1968. pp. 248–249. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
"Commercial Aircraft of the World". Flight. Vol. 78, no. 2697. 18 November 1960. pp. 781–827. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
Eglin, Roger & Ritchie, Berry (1980). Fly me, I'm Freddie. London, UK: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-77746-7.
Dean, W. P. & O'Callaghan, M. (2008). The ATL-98 Carvair: A Comprehensive History of the Aircraft and All 21 Airframes. Jefferson, N.C., USA: McFarland & Co. ISBN 978-0-7864-3670-5. (2nd printing)
Doyle, Paul A. (2000). 'Air Bridge 2' (the design, development and service use of the ATL98 Carvair conversions and their effect on the civilian vehicle air ferry era). Hertfordshire, UK: Forward Airfield Research Publishing. ISBN 09525-624-72.
Airliner World – Britain's Carferry Airlines, January 2004. Avenel, New Jersey, USA: Key Publishing. (Airliner World online)
Taylor, John W. R. (1965). Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1965–66. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company.
Vandervord, Richard (November 2018). "Database: Aviation Traders Carvair". Aeroplane. Vol. 46, no. 11. pp. 87–100. ISSN 0143-7240.
Whybrow, D. A. (11 December 1959). "Bridging That Gap: What Prospects for the Vehicle Air Ferry?". Flight. Vol. 76, no. 2648. pp. 709–711. Retrieved 15 March 2019.