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BST2
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 2LK9, 2X7A, 2XG7, 3MQ7, 3MQ9, 3MQB, 3MQC, 3NWH, 4P6Z
Identifiers
Aliases	BST2, CD317, TETHERIN, Tetherin, bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2, HM1.24
External IDs	OMIM: 600534; MGI: 1916800; HomoloGene: 48277; GeneCards: BST2; OMA:BST2 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 19 (human) Band 19p13.11 Start 17,402,939 bp End 17,405,630 bp
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 8 (mouse) Band 8|8 B3.3 Start 71,986,899 bp End 71,990,100 bp
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in right adrenal gland right adrenal cortex left adrenal cortex left ovary right ovary left uterine tube monocyte granulocyte spleen right uterine tube Top expressed in left lobe of liver yolk sac stroma of bone marrow endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel mucous cell of stomach thymus interventricular septum uterus subcutaneous adipose tissue mesenteric lymph nodes More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function protein homodimerization activity signal transducer activity protein binding metalloendopeptidase inhibitor activity RNA binding identical protein binding Cellular component cytoplasm integral component of membrane multivesicular body endosome late endosome Golgi apparatus membrane plasma membrane integral component of plasma membrane cell surface apical plasma membrane membrane raft anchored component of membrane extracellular exosome cytosol azurophil granule membrane Biological process negative regulation of intracellular transport of viral material regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization response to interferon-gamma immune system process cell-cell signaling response to virus response to interferon-beta multicellular organism development B cell activation negative regulation of viral genome replication negative regulation of cell migration humoral immune response defense response to virus type I interferon signaling pathway negative regulation of cell growth negative regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production response to interferon-alpha positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling cell population proliferation innate immune response negative regulation of endopeptidase activity neutrophil degranulation Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 684 69550 Ensembl ENSG00000130303 ENSMUSG00000046718 UniProt Q10589 Q8R2Q8 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_004335 NM_198095 RefSeq (protein) NP_004326 NP_932763 Location (UCSC) Chr 19: 17.4 – 17.41 Mb Chr 8: 71.99 – 71.99 Mb PubMed search
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Tetherin, also known as bone marrow stromal antigen 2, is a lipid raft associated protein that in humans is encoded by the BST2 gene. In addition, tetherin has been designated as CD317 (cluster of differentiation 317). This protein is constitutively expressed in mature B cells, plasma cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and in many other cells, it is only expressed as a response to stimuli from IFN pathway.

Gene activation

Tetherin is part of IFN-dependent antiviral response pathway. When the presence of virus and viral components is detected by recognition molecules such as (RIG-I), a cascades of interactions happen between signaling molecules, eventually the signal reaches the nucleus to upregulate the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), this in turn activates IFN-α pathway to send the signal to neighboring cells, which causes upregulation in the expression of other ISGs and many viral restriction factors, such as tetherin.

Tetherin/BST2 and BST1 genes are unregulated by the Nicotinamide (NAM) metabolism pathway.

Function

Tetherin is a human cellular protein which inhibits retrovirus infection by preventing the diffusion of virus particles after budding from infected cells. Initially discovered as an inhibitor to HIV-1 infection in the absence of Vpu, tetherin has also been shown to inhibit the release of other RNA viruses such as the Lassa and Marburg virions suggesting a common mechanism that inhibits enveloped virus release without interaction with viral proteins. In addition, tetherin also restricts neuroinvasion of the DNA virus HSV-1. However, in contrast to its anti-viral role, it has recently been shown that basal levels of BST2 or Tetherin are required for HIV-1 replication but this isn't an indication that higher than basal levels of BST2 promotes viral replication. More definite research is required.

Structure

Tetherin is a type 2 integral membrane protein, with the N-terminus in the cytoplasm, one membrane spanning domain, and a C-terminus modified by the addition of a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (gpi) anchor. The transmembrane of tetherin is predicted to be a single alpha helix. The ectodomain consists of alpha helical coiled-coil region where the coils are slightly spread apart. Although Tetherin is localized to the lipid rafts on the surface of the cells, they are endocytosed to be sorted through TGN by clathrin-dependent pathway. This is mediated by AP2 binding to the dual-tyrosine motif located in the cytosolic domain of tetherin. When the virion buds from the surface of the cell, one of the tetherin membrane domains is in the new viral membrane, the other remains in the plasma membrane, tethering the virion to the cell. It is antagonized by the viral protein Vpu which is thought to work by targeting tetherin for degradation via the β-TrCP2 dependent pathway.

Tetherin exists as a dimer on the surface of cells, and prevention of dimerisation by mutating the cystine residues, prevents tetherin from inhibiting virus release, although it is still detectable in the cell. The stabilization of the protein through disulfide bond within the coiled coil region seems to be important in its function

Interaction with different viruses

Tetherin is known to block many different types of enveloped viruses by tethering the budding virus like particles (VLPs) and inhibiting them from leaving the cell surface. Studies have shown that it is not the amino acid sequence, but the topology of tetherin is required for the tethering of virions on the cell surface. Their unique topology allows them to be in the cell through their N-terminus while using the GPI anchor to attach to budding virions. HIV-1 overcomes this restriction through vpu. Vpu interacts with tetherin by interacting with the protein at its transmembrane domain and recruiting β-TrCP2, which causes ubiquitination and degradation of tetherin. It has been recently shown that tetherin gene variants are associated with HIV disease progression underscoring the role of BST-2 in HIV type 1 infection. Another primate lentivirus, SIV, also, counteracts tetherin by their removal from the plasma membrane. KSHV protein K5 also targets tetherin for degradation through ubiquitination. Ebola counteracts tethrin through two mechanism. VP35 of Ebola, inhibits multiple steps of IFN-signaling pathway, which blocks the induction of tetherin as a downstream effect. Also, it has been noted that the full-length Ebola GP may either translocate tetherin or disrupt the structure of tetherin. Sendai virus proteins HN and F direct tethrin to endosomes or proteasome for degradation. CHIKV protein nsP1 interacts with tetherin by disrupting the tetherin-virion complex formation.

Cell-to-cell transmission through virological synapse in human retroviruses is also inhibited by tetherin. Tetherin aggregates virions and downmodulates the infectivity of the virions. It has also been suggested that tetherin may be involved in the structural integrity of the virological synapse.

BST2/tetherin is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2.

Tetherin as a biomarker and Other functions

Tetherin has been shown as a Type-I-IFN biomarker using flow cytometry, B cell Tetherin was used as a Cell-Specific Assay for Response to Type I Interferon Predicts Clinical Features and Flares in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Tetherin has also been predicted to be involved in cell adhesion and cell migration. Recently it has, also, been identified as the protein that help stabilize lipid rafts by joining nearby lipid rafts to form a cluster. For some viruses, such as Dengue virus, tetherin inhibits the budding of virions as well as cell-to-cell transmission of the virus. For human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), tetherin promotes entry of the virus, especially during cell differentiation. It has also been shown that tetherin is incorporated into newly formed virions.

References

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Further reading

• Maruyama K, Sugano S (January 1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–174. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.
• Furuya Y, Takasawa S, Yonekura H, Tanaka T, Takahara J, Okamoto H (November 1995). "Cloning of a cDNA encoding rat bone marrow stromal cell antigen 1 (BST-1) from the islets of Langerhans". Gene. 165 (2): 329–330. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(95)00540-M. PMID 8522202.
• Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (October 1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–156. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149.
• Ohtomo T, Sugamata Y, Ozaki Y, Ono K, Yoshimura Y, Kawai S, et al. (May 1999). "Molecular cloning and characterization of a surface antigen preferentially overexpressed on multiple myeloma cells". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 258 (3): 583–591. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.0683. PMID 10329429.
• Vidal-Laliena M, Romero X, March S, Requena V, Petriz J, Engel P (2006). "Characterization of antibodies submitted to the B cell section of the 8th Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens Workshop by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry". Cellular Immunology. 236 (1–2): 6–16. doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2005.08.002. PMID 16157322.
• Elortza F, Mohammed S, Bunkenborg J, Foster LJ, Nühse TS, Brodbeck U, et al. (April 2006). "Modification-specific proteomics of plasma membrane proteins: identification and characterization of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins released upon phospholipase D treatment". Journal of Proteome Research. 5 (4): 935–943. doi:10.1021/pr050419u. PMID 16602701.
• Laplana M, Caruz A, Pineda JA, Puig T, Fibla J (February 2013). "Association of BST-2 gene variants with HIV disease progression underscores the role of BST-2 in HIV type 1 infection". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 207 (3): 411–419. doi:10.1093/infdis/jis685. PMID 23148293.

External links

• BST2+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

• Genes on human chromosome 19
• HIV/AIDS
• Clusters of differentiation