Baillargeon is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
- Annie Baillargeon (born 1978), Canadian artist
- Charles-François Baillargeon (1798–1870), Canadian Roman Catholic priest and archbishop
- David Baillargeon (born 1996), Canadian squash player
- Hélène Baillargeon, (1916–1997), Canadian singer, actor and folklorist
- Joel Baillargeon (born 1964), Canadian ice hockey left winger
- Luce Baillargeon (born 1977), Canadian judoka
- Pascal Baillargeon (born 1986), Canadian football offensive lineman
- Paul Baillargeon (born 1943), Canadian composer, known for his music for television shows
- Paule Baillargeon (born 1945), Canadian actress and film director
- Pierre Baillargeon (politician) (1812–1891), Canadian physician and political figure
- Pierre Baillargeon (1916–1967), Quebec writer and literary critic
- Renée Baillargeon (born 1954), Canadian academic
- Baillargeon Brothers, Canadian professional wrestlers
- Adrien Baillargeon (1918-1995)
- Antonio Baillargeon (1928-1997)
- Charles Baillargeon (1917-2010)
- Jean Baillargeon (1915-1994)
- Lionel Baillargeon (1921-1982)
- Paul Baillargeon (wrestler) (1922-1999)
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