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Bardo National Museum (Tunis)

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National museum in Tunis, Tunisia
Bardo National Museum
  • Arabic: المتحف الوطني بباردو
  • French: Musée national du Bardo
Museum Bardo, in Tunis, in Tunisia
Established7 May 1888 (1888-05-07)
LocationLe Bardo, Tunis, Tunisia
TypeNational museum
Collection sizePrehistory and Protohistory
Libyco-Punic
Islamic
Hellenistic
Roman
Visitors664,891 (2005)
CuratorMoncef Ben Moussa
Websitewww.bardomuseum.tn

The Bardo National Museum (Arabic: المتحف الوطني بباردو, romanized: el-Metḥef el-Waṭanī bi-Bārdū; French: Musée national du Bardo) or Bardo Palace is a museum of Tunis, Tunisia, located in the suburbs of Le Bardo.

It is one of the most important museums in the Mediterranean region and the second museum of the African continent after the Egyptian Museum of Cairo by richness of its collections. It traces the history of Tunisia over several millennia and across several civilizations through a wide variety of archaeological pieces.

First proposed in the 1860s by Muhammad Khaznadar, the son of the Prime Minister of Tunisia, the museum is housed in an old beylical palace since 1888, it has been the setting for the exhibition of many major works discovered since the beginning of archaeological research in the country. This historic building also serves as the seat of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People, Tunisia's Lower house. Originally called Alaoui Museum (Arabic: المتحف العلوي, romanized: al-Matḥaf al-ʿAlawī), named after the reigning bey at the time, it takes its current name of Bardo Museum after the independence of the country even if the denomination is attested before that date.

The museum houses one of the largest collections of Roman mosaics in the world, thanks to excavations in various archaeological sites in the country including Carthage, Hadrumetum, Dougga and Utica. Generally, the mosaics of Bardo, such as the Virgil Mosaic, represent a unique source for research on everyday life in Roman Africa. From the Roman era, the museum also contains a rich collection of marble statues representing the deities and the Roman emperors found on different sites including those of Carthage and Thuburbo Majus.

The museum also houses pieces discovered during the excavations of Libyco-Punic sites including Carthage, although the National Museum of Carthage is the primary museum of the Carthage archaeological site. The essential pieces of this department are grimacing masks, terracotta statues and stelae of major interest for Semitic epigraphy, and the stele of the priest and the child. The museum also houses Greek works discovered especially in the excavations of the shipwreck of Mahdia, whose emblematic piece remains the bust of Aphrodite in marble, gnawed by the sea.

The Islamic Department contains, in addition to famous works such as the Blue Qur'an of Kairouan, a collection of ceramics from the Maghreb and Anatolia.

In order to increase the reception capacity and optimize the presentation of the collections, the museum is the subject of a vast operation which was to be completed initially in 2011 but was not finished until 2012 due to the Tunisian Revolution. The work concerns the increase of the exhibition surfaces by adding new buildings and redeploying the collections. The project aims to make the museum a major pole for a quality cultural development, so that the visitor can appreciate the artistic pieces deposited.

On 18 March 2015, an Islamist terrorist group attacked the museum and took tourists hostage in the building. The attack, which killed 22 people including 21 foreign tourists, was claimed by ISIS.

Location and description

Plan des trois niveaux du musée à l’issue de la rénovation.
Bardo museum plan.
Salle de Carthage vue du deuxième étage avec les statues romaines et une mosaïque, ainsi que les arcades du palais.
Carthage Room.
Salle de Sousse avec plafond doré et mosaïques sur les murs ainsi que sur le sol.
Sousse Room.
Photographie de la salle de Virgile montrant la mosaïque de Virgile et le plafond de stuc richement sculpté du palais.
Virgile Room.
Salle d’Althiburos, ancienne salle de musique du palais avec une tribune et des mosaïques sur les murs et le sol.
d’Althiburos Room.

The Bardo National Museum building was originally a 15th-century Hafsid palace, located in the suburbs of Tunis.

The Bardo is one of the most important museums of the Mediterranean basin, and the second largest on the African continent after the Egyptian Museum. It traces the history of Tunisia over several millennia and through many civilizations through a wide variety of archaeological pieces. Being in the former palace, it offers many major works discovered since the beginnings of archaeological research in the country. Originally called Museum Alaoui (المتحف العلوي), the name of the reigning bey at the time, it has had its current name of Museum of Bardo only since the country's independence.

In addition to famous works such as the Blue Koran of Kairouan, the Islamic Department contains a collection of ceramics from North Africa and Asia Minor.

The Bardo brings together one of the finest and largest collections of Roman mosaics in the world thanks to the excavations undertaken from the beginning of the 20th century on archaeological sites in the country including Carthage, Hadrumetum, Dougga, or Utica. The mosaics represent a unique source for research on everyday life in Roman Africa. The museum also contains a rich collection of marble statues representing the gods and Roman emperors found on various sites including those of Carthage and Thuburbo Majus.

The Bardo has also rich pieces discovered during the excavations of Libyco-Punic sites including mainly Carthage, although the Carthage National Museum also possesses an important collection. The main parts of this department are grimacing masks, terracotta statues and stelae of major interest for the Semitic epigraphy, the stele of the priest and the child being the most famous. The museum also houses Greek works discovered in particular in the excavations of the ship of Mahdia, whose iconic piece is a marble bust of Aphrodite.

The museum underwent a major refurbishment, completed in 2012, that was interrupted due to the Tunisian revolution. The expansion, which added 9,000 square meters to the complex, was designed by SCPA Codou-Hindley (France) and Amira Nouira (Tunisia). Considerable funding came from the World Bank.

Collections

Patio du Petit Palais avec une fontaine de marbre au milieu de la cour et une colonnade.
Small Patio of the Palace.

It contains a major collection of Roman mosaics and other antiquities of interest from Ancient Greece, Carthage, Tunisia, and the Islamic period.

The museum displays objects ranging from pre-historical artifacts to modern jewelry.

2015 terrorist attack

Main article: Bardo National Museum attack

On 18 March 2015, 24 people were killed in a terrorist attack when three terrorists in civil uniform attacked the Bardo National Museum in the Tunisian capital city of Tunis, and took hostages. Twenty-one people, mostly European tourists, were killed at the scene, while an additional victim died ten days later. Around fifty others were injured. This attack took place after the famous Charlie Hebdo attack in Paris where many journalists were killed Two of the gunmen, Tunisian citizens Yassine Labidi and Saber Khachnaoui, were killed by police, while the third attacker is currently at large. Police treated the event as a terrorist attack. It was the deadliest terrorist attack in Tunisian history; surpassing the 2002 Ghriba synagogue bombing, which killed nineteen people, most of whom were also European tourists, and injured more than thirty others.

Gallery

"Carthaginian art"

  • Anthropomorphic amphora Anthropomorphic amphora
  • Carthaginian baby bottle. Painted decoration: eyes; palmettes; Tanit....... 3rd century BCE Carthaginian baby bottle. Painted decoration: eyes; palmettes; Tanit....... 3rd century BCE
  • Statue of Baal Hammon sitting on a throne Statue of Baal Hammon sitting on a throne
  • Statue of Tanit leontocephalus Statue of Tanit leontocephalus
  • Punic jewelry Punic jewelry
  • Carthaginian armor from Ksour es-Saf Carthaginian armor from Ksour es-Saf
  • Bottle idol on a stele Bottle idol on a stele
  • Stele of Tanit (Carthaginian goddess of fertility) Stele of Tanit (Carthaginian goddess of fertility)
  • Punic statue Punic statue
  • Carthaginian granite pebble with figure of deity. 5th century BCE Carthaginian granite pebble with figure of deity. 5th century BCE
  • Miniature Punic chapel (naïskos) Miniature Punic chapel (naïskos)
  • Priest's stele, discovered in Carthage in 1921. (3rd century BCE. J.-C.). Priest's stele, discovered in Carthage in 1921. (3rd century BCE. J.-C.).
  • Punic jewellery Punic jewellery
  • Statue of Demeter Statue of Demeter
  • Coroplath statuette holding a tambourine Coroplath statuette holding a tambourine
  • Punic figure of the goddess Tanit with a lion’s head. CE 1st century Punic figure of the goddess Tanit with a lion’s head. CE 1st century
  • Punic stelae Punic stelae
  • Stele of the tophet of Salammbô Stele of the tophet of Salammbô
  • Sculpture of Tanit goddess Sculpture of Tanit goddess
  • urn to the Bard, "naïskos" urn to the Bard, "naïskos"
  • Egyptian style Female mask found in a tomb, known as Protomé Necropolis of Carthage, late 6th - 5th century BCE. Egyptian style Female mask found in a tomb, known as Protomé Necropolis of Carthage, late 6th - 5th century BCE.

"Famous mosaics"

  • Detail of the Ulysses Mosaic Detail of the Ulysses Mosaic
  • Mosaic of a bottle of wine (2. Jhdt.n.Chr., El Jem-Thysdrus) Mosaic of a bottle of wine (2. Jhdt.n.Chr., El Jem-Thysdrus)
  • Ulysses Mosaic Ulysses Mosaic
  • Neptune Roman Mosaic Neptune Roman Mosaic
  • Zodiac mosaic Zodiac mosaic
  • Seignor Julius mosaic, CE 5th century, Carthage Seignor Julius mosaic, CE 5th century, Carthage
  • Matron at her toilet, CE 4th century, Carthage Matron at her toilet, CE 4th century, Carthage
  • Mosaic of a Wild boar and dog. CE 3rd century Mosaic of a Wild boar and dog. CE 3rd century
  • Mosaic of Virgil seated between Clio and Melpomene (from Hadrumetum Sousse). CE 3rd century. Mosaic of Virgil seated between Clio and Melpomene (from Hadrumetum Sousse). CE 3rd century.
  • Mosaic of a hunting scene. CE 2nd century Mosaic of a hunting scene. CE 2nd century
  • Roman Christian mosaic of bricklayers at work. CE 4th century Roman Christian mosaic of bricklayers at work. CE 4th century
  • Roman mosaic of "Crescentinus diaconus", dating from the CE 4th century. The inscription translates: "The host of the angels, the count of the martyrs, and breathing a peaceful life, may he go to you in a holy manner. Our memory, with the gracious piety with which the deacon Crescentinus is accustomed, returned in peace the 3rd Augustus Kalends." Roman mosaic of "Crescentinus diaconus", dating from the CE 4th century. The inscription translates: "The host of the angels, the count of the martyrs, and breathing a peaceful life, may he go to you in a holy manner. Our memory, with the gracious piety with which the deacon Crescentinus is accustomed, returned in peace the 3rd Augustus Kalends."
  • A Roman Christian mosaic called "Daniel among the Lions". CE 4th century A Roman Christian mosaic called "Daniel among the Lions". CE 4th century

"Famous sculptures"

  • Roman commemorative sculpture, in which the deceased is dressed as Hercules. CE 3rd century Roman commemorative sculpture, in which the deceased is dressed as Hercules. CE 3rd century
  • Minia Procula, Roman sculpture. CE 2nd century. Minia Procula, Roman sculpture. CE 2nd century.
  • Roman sculpture of Minerva. CE 2nd century Roman sculpture of Minerva. CE 2nd century
  • Roman sculpture of Suturn. CE 2nd century Roman sculpture of Suturn. CE 2nd century
  • Roman sculpture of Ceres Diademea, CE 2nd century Roman sculpture of Ceres Diademea, CE 2nd century
  • Roman sculpture of Apollo leaning on the Delphic tripod. CE 2nd century Roman sculpture of Apollo leaning on the Delphic tripod. CE 2nd century
  • Venus and Eros, Roman sculpture of Venus and Eros, CR 2nd century Venus and Eros, Roman sculpture of Venus and Eros, CR 2nd century
  • Sculpture of Venus Pudica, CE 2nd century Sculpture of Venus Pudica, CE 2nd century
  • Sculpture of Ganymede, CE 2nd century Sculpture of Ganymede, CE 2nd century
  • Colossal head, Sculpture of Jupiter, CE 3rd century Colossal head, Sculpture of Jupiter, CE 3rd century
  • Jupiter Serapio, CE 2nd century Jupiter Serapio, CE 2nd century
  • Sculpture of Jupiter, CE 2nd century Sculpture of Jupiter, CE 2nd century
  • Sculpture of Bacchus, CE 2nd century Sculpture of Bacchus, CE 2nd century
  • Sculpture of Dionysus as a child, CE 2nd century Sculpture of Dionysus as a child, CE 2nd century
  • Sculpture of Empress Faustina II statue, CE 2nd century Sculpture of Empress Faustina II statue, CE 2nd century
  • sculpture of Hercules, CE 2nd century sculpture of Hercules, CE 2nd century
  • Sculpture of Drunken Hercules, CE 2nd century Sculpture of Drunken Hercules, CE 2nd century
  • Sculpture of Abundance, CE 3rd century Sculpture of Abundance, CE 3rd century
  • Sculpture of Concordia Pantea, CE 2nd century Sculpture of Concordia Pantea, CE 2nd century

"Pieces in the ground floor"

  • The early Christian room with baptistery in the centre The early Christian room with baptistery in the centre
  • Museum entrance Museum entrance
  • Hallway of sarcophagi full with visitors. Hallway of sarcophagi full with visitors.
  • Access door on the first floor Access door on the first floor

"Fresco and Roof of Althiburos Room"

  • Fresco on interior balcony Fresco on interior balcony
  • Roof of the Bey Palace Roof of the Bey Palace

"Roofs of Oudna Room"

  • Painted ceiling of the Oudna Room. Painted ceiling of the Oudna Room.
  • Painted wooden ceiling. Painted wooden ceiling.
  • Painted and gilded ceiling of the Room Althiburos. Painted and gilded ceiling of the Room Althiburos.

"Roofs of Sousse Room"

  • The domed ceiling of the mosaic hall The domed ceiling of the mosaic hall
  • Parts of the Bardo Palace before CE 1870, Le Bardo Parts of the Bardo Palace before CE 1870, Le Bardo

"Roofs of Virgil Room"

  • Roofs decorated with stucco Roofs decorated with stucco
  • Ceiling of the Virgil room Ceiling of the Virgil room
  • Apartments of the Bey, room called Virgil, after the name of the mosaic of Sousse that was exposed until the extension of the years CE 2010 Apartments of the Bey, room called Virgil, after the name of the mosaic of Sousse that was exposed until the extension of the years CE 2010

Technologies

Starting from June 17, 2014, the museum offers visitors a digital guide in English, French, and Arabic. Developed by Orange Tunisia using Near-field communication technology, it comes in the form of a free downloadable application for smartphones and visitors can also borrow a free smartphone at the museum entrance. It offers audio commentaries, photo slideshows, and a historical and geographical perspective of the displayed works.

See also

References

  1. Zaiane, Selma (2008). "Le musée national du Bardo en métamorphose. Pour une nouvelle image du tourisme culturel tunisien et de nouveaux visiteurs". Téoros. 69: 2.
  2. Moumni, Ridha (2020). "Archaeology and Cultural Policy in Ottoman Tunisia Part I: Muhammad Khaznadar (1865–70)". Muqarnas. 37. Brill: 265–289. doi:10.1163/22118993-00371P10. ISSN 0732-2992. JSTOR 27141540. Retrieved 2024-08-18.
  3. Daniel E. Coslett, "Heritage, Tourism, and the Challenges of Postcolonial Globalization at Tunis' Bardo Museum", in Neocolonialism and Built Heritage, ed. Daniel E. Coslett (New York: Routledge, 2020), 191–216.
  4. ^ "The Latest: French President Mourns Tunisia Victims". The New York Times. 18 March 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  5. ^ "Museum attack a 'great calamity' for Tunisia's young democracy". Los Angeles Times. 18 March 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  6. "Thousands of Tunisians, leaders march after Bardo attack". Reuters. 29 March 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  7. ^ Death toll rises to 23, msn.com; accessed 19 March 2015.
  8. "Third Tunisia museum attacker 'on the run', says president". Yahoo! News. March 22, 2015. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  9. "21 dead in Tunisia attack, Including Gunmen". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  10. Marszal, Andrew (18 March 2015). "Gunmen 'take hostages' in attack on Tunisia parliament". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  11. "Tunisia Museum Attack Is Blow to Nation's Democratic Shift". New York Times. 18 March 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  12. ^ "Le Musée du Bardo lance le premier guide numérique NFC du continent africain". Orange Tunisie. July 15, 2014.

Literature

External links

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