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Bari language

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(Redirected from Bari languages) Nilotic language spoken in South Sudan and Uganda Not to be confused with Barí language or Bari language (Ubangian).
Bari
Barian
Karo, Kutuk
RegionSouth Sudan
EthnicityKaro peoples
SpeakersL1: 770,000 (2017)
L2: 180,000 (2013)
Language familyNilo-Saharan?
Dialects
Writing systemLatin
Language codes
ISO 639-3bfa
Glottologbari1283  Barian
bari1284  Bari

Bari is the Nilotic language of the Karo people, spoken over large areas of Central Equatoria state in South Sudan, across the northwest corner of Uganda, and into the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Bari is spoken by several distinct tribes: the Bari people themselves, the Pojulu, Kakwa, Nyangwara, Mundari, and Kuku. Each has its own dialect. The language is therefore sometimes called Karo or Kutuk ('mother tongue') rather than Bari.

Bari is a tone language. It has vowel harmony, subject–verb–object word order, and agglutinative verbal morphology with some suppletion. A very competent dictionary and grammar were published in the 1930s, but are very difficult to find today. More recently, a dissertation has been published on Bari tonal phonology, and another dissertation on Bari syntax is available.

Dialects

Dialects are:

  • Bari proper (Beri)
  • Pöjulu (Pajulu, Fadjulu, Fajelu, Madi)
  • Kakwa (Kakua, Kwakwak)
  • Nyangbara (Nyangwara, Nyambara)
  • Mandari (Mondari, Mundari, Chir, Kir, Shir)
  • Kuku
  • Nyepu (Nyefu, Nyepo, Nypho, Ngyepu)
  • Ligo (Liggo)

Phonology

Consonants

This table is based on Spagnolo (1933).

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive voiceless p t k ʔ
voiced b d ɟ g
Implosive ɓ ɗ ʄ
Fricative s (h)
Rhotic r
Approximant w l j
  • /ɟ/ may also be heard as an affricate in free variation.
  • /l/ can be heard as a flap when in between /u/.

Vowels

Bari and their kin, the Kakwa, have a cross-height vowel-harmony system.

+ATR -ATR
Front Central Back Front Central Back
Close i u ɪ ʊ
Mid e o ɛ ɔ
Open ɑ̘ a

Orthography

The Bari alphabet is used by the Bari, Kakwa, Pojulu, and Kuku in South Sudan. There are four digraphs, ʼB, ʼD, ʼY and Ny, and the letter eng, Ŋ.

Bari alphabet
Uppercase A B ʼB D ʼD E G J I Y ʼY K L M N Ŋ Ny O Ö P R S T U W
Lowercase a b ʼb d ʼd e g j i y ʼy k l m n ŋ ny o ö p r s t u w
Bari special characters
Uppercase Ŋ Ö
Lowercase ŋ ö
Alternatives ng o
Uppercase Unicode (hexadecimal) 014A 00D6
Lowercase Unicode (hexadecimal) 014B 00F6
Unicode Character Code Chart Latin Extended A Latin-1

References

  1. ^ Bari at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  2. Spagnolo, Lorenzo M. Bari grammar. 1933. Verona, Missioni Africane.. OCLC: 34898784
  3. SIL Bibliography: Yokwe and Hall 1981
  4. Hout, Katherine (2019). Dominance-as-markedness: evidence from Bari. Studies in African Linguistics, Volume 48, Number 2, 2019: University of California San Diego. pp. 206–224.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)

General References

  1. Bari Language, Sudan Primer: Sillabari Ko Kutuk Na Bari. The Catholic Press Institute. Juba, Sudan.
  2. Owen, R.C.R. Bari grammar and vocabulary. 1908. OCLC: 25040516
  3. Spagnolo, Lorenzo M. Bari grammar. 1933. Verona, Missioni Africane. OCLC: 34898784
  4. Vossen, Rainer. The Eastern Nilotes. (Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik, 9.). 1982. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
  5. Yokwe, Eluzai. The tonal grammar of Bari. Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 1987.

External links

Languages of South Sudan
Official language
Indigenous languages
Main foreign languages
Languages of Uganda
Official languages
Indigenous
languages
Bantu
Nilo-Saharan
Others
Immigrant languages
Eastern Sudanic languages
Part of the proposed Nilo-Saharan language family
Northern k languages
Nubian
Hill Nubian
Nara
Nyima
Taman
Southern n languages
Surmic
North
Southeast
Southwest
Eastern Jebel
Temein
Daju
Eastern
Western
NiloticLarge group listed below
Nilotic languages
Eastern
Bari
Teso–Turkana
Lotuko
Ongamo–Maa
Western
Dinka–Nuer
Luo
Northern
Southern
Burun
Southern
Kalenjin
Elgon
Nandi–Markweta
Okiek–Mosiro
Pökoot
Omotik–Datooga
Italics indicate extinct languages
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