Baryshnikov (masculine, Russian: Барышников) or Baryshnikova (feminine, Russian: Барышниковa) is a Russian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
- Aleksandr Baryshnikov (1948-2024), Soviet athlete
- Anastasia Baryshnikova (born 1990), Russian taekwondo practitioner
- Anna Baryshnikov (born 1992), American actress
- Mikhail Baryshnikov (born 1948), Russian American dancer
- Shura Baryshnikov (born 1981), American dancer, choreographer, dance educator and actress
- Yevhen Baryshnikov (born 1988), Ukrainian footballer
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