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Ganoderma orbiforme
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Basidiomycota
Class:	Agaricomycetes
Order:	Polyporales
Family:	Ganodermataceae
Genus:	Ganoderma
Species:	G. orbiforme
Binomial name
Ganoderma orbiforme (Fr.) Ryvarden (2000)
Synonyms
Polyporus orbiformis Fr. (1838) Fomes orbiformis (Fr.) Cooke (1885) Fomes lucidus f. boninensis Pat. (1888) Fomes lucidus f. noukahivensis Pat. (1888) Ganoderma boninense Pat. (1889) Ganoderma noukahivense Pat. (1889) Scindalma orbiforme (Fr.) Kuntze (1898) Ganoderma lucidum var. orbiformis (Fr.) Rick (1960)

Ganoderma orbiforme – most commonly known as G. boninense or just Ganoderma in oil palm pathology – is a species of polypore fungus that is widespread across southeast Asia. It is a plant pathogen that causes basal stem rot, a disease of the African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). The fungus was first described scientifically in 1838 by Elias Magnus Fries from collections made in Guinea. Leif Ryvarden transferred it to the genus Ganoderma in 2000. In addition to its type locality, the fungus has also been collected from the Bonin Islands in the Pacific, and from Venezuela and Puerto Rico.

Transmission

G. orbiforme is not a soil borne pathogen, meaning it does not grow in soil and does not infiltrate from soil and into the root system. It is however also not killed by soil, and will reside in dead, buried palm trunk material. This has especially been observed when Oryctes rhinoceros-infested material was buried.

Infection

G. orbiforme has a hemibiotrophic lifestyle in E. guineensis. During an invasion, E. guineensis roots stockpile salicylic acid, which is a signal to downregulate its own expression of ascorbate oxidase and ascorbate peroxidase. AO and AP are reactive oxygen species scavengers, and so the total effect is to increase ROS production. This entire pathway was found by Ho et al., 2016. Increased ROS is effective against hemibiotrophs but counterproductive against necrotrophs.

Genetics

Microsatellite markers have been developed to help identify the fungus and study the genetic diversity of G. orbiforme.

Research

Water agar is usable for isolation of this fungus, and is the simplest and cheapest. CABI provides research and technique information for lab work with this pathogen.

References

1. Fries, E.M. (1838). Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici (in Latin). Uppsala: Typ. Acad. p. 463.
2. ^ Ryvarden, Leif (2000). "Studies in neotropical polypores 2: a preliminary key to neotropical species of Ganoderma with a laccate pileus". Mycologia. 92 (1): 180–191. doi:10.2307/3761462. JSTOR 3761462.
3. ^ Corley, R. H. V.; Tinker, P. B. (2015-10-03). The Oil Palm. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781118953297. ISBN 978-1-118-95329-7. S2CID 132543108. S2CID 82631705.
4. Bahari, Mohammad Nazri Abdul; Sakeh, Nurshafika Mohd; Abdullah, Siti Nor Akmar; Ramli, Redzyque Ramza; Kadkhodaei, Saied (2018). "Transciptome profiling at early infection of Elaeis guineensis by Ganoderma boninense provides novel insights on fungal transition from biotrophic to necrotrophic phase". BMC Plant Biology. 18 (1). Springer: 377. doi:10.1186/s12870-018-1594-9. ISSN 1471-2229. PMC 6310985. PMID 30594134.
5. ^ Singh, Yeshveer; Nair, Athira Mohandas; Verma, Praveen Kumar (2021). "Surviving the odds: From perception to survival of fungal phytopathogens under host-generated oxidative burst". Plant Communications. 2 (3). Cell Press (Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences + Chinese Society for Plant Biology): 100142. doi:10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100142. ISSN 2590-3462. PMC 8132124. PMID 34027389.
6. Mercière, Maxime; Laybats, Anthony; Carasco-Lacombe, Catherine; Tan, Joon Sheong; Klopp, Christophe; Durand-Gasselin, Tristan; Alwee, Sharifah Shahrul Rabiah Syed; Camus-Kulandaivelu, Létizia; Breton, Fréderic (2015). "Identification and development of new polymorphic microsatellite markers using genome assembly for Ganoderma boninense, causal agent of oil palm basal stem rot disease". Mycological Progress. 14 (11): 103. doi:10.1007/s11557-015-1123-2.
7. ^ Rahmaningsih, Miranti; Virdiana, Ike; Bahri, Syamsul; Anwar, Yassier; Forster, Brian; Breton, Frederic (2018). Nursery Screening for Ganoderma Response in Oil Palm Seedlings: A Manual. Techniques in Plantation Science Series. Boston, Ma, US: CABI (CAB International) + Verdant Bioscience + CIRAD. pp. xi + 69. ISBN 978-1-78639624-2. LCCN 2018016841. LCCN 201802304 201-802304. ISBN 9781786396266. ISBN 9781786396259.

External links

• "Ganoderma orbiforme". CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International). 2019-12-10. Retrieved 2020-11-12.
• "Ganoderma orbiforme". The Global Fungal Red List Initiative (IUCN). 2020-06-30. Retrieved 2020-11-12.

• Fungi described in 1838
• Fungi of Africa
• Fungi of Asia
• Fungi of South America
• Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
• Ganoderma
• Taxa named by Elias Magnus Fries
• Pests of oil palm
• Fungus species