| Pakpak | |
|---|---|
| Kata Pakpak | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Sumatra (northern) |
| Ethnicity | Pakpak, Singkil |
| Native speakers | (1.2 million cited 1991) |
| Language family | Austronesian
|
| Writing system | Batak |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | btd |
| Glottolog | bata1294 |
Pakpak, or Batak Dairi, is an Austronesian language of Sumatra. It is spoken in Dairi Regency, Pakpak Bharat Regency, Parlilitan district of Humbang Hasundutan Regency, Manduamas district of Central Tapanuli Regency, and Subulussalam and Aceh Singkil Regency.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k | |
| voiced | b | d | dʒ | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | s | h | ||||
| Trill | r | |||||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Semivowel | w | j | ||||
- A word-final /k/ can also be heard as a glottal stop [ʔ].
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| Open | a |
- Vowels /i, u, e, o/ can have shortened allophones of .
References
- Pakpak at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- Simbolon, Apul; Tinambunan, Raman; Pardede, Bertha (1978). Fonologi bahasa Batak Dairi. Medan: Proyek Penelitian Institut Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan.
Further reading
- Sembiring, Matius C.A.; Aiyub, T.; Amillah, R.; Perangin-angin, P. (1993). Morfologi dan Sintaksis Bahasa Pakpak Dairi [Morphology and Syntax of the Pakpak Dairi Language] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. ISBN 979-459-293-5 – via repositori.kemdikbud.go.id.
- Basaria, Ida (2002). Analisis Morfologi Verba Bahasa Pakpak Dairi [Morphological Analysis of Pakpak Dairi Language Verbs] (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Universitas Sumatera Utara.
- Kudadiri, Amhar (2010). Morfologi Nomina Bahasa Pakpak [Noun Morphology of the Pakpak Language] (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Universitas Sumatera Utara.
- Brakel-Papenhuijzen, Clara (2014). Dairi Stories and Pakpak Storytelling. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004261730.
- Pangaribuan, Mintauli (2017). Analisis Morfologi Verba Transitif Bahasa Pakpak Dairi [Morphological Analysis of Transitive Verbs in the Pakpak Dairi Language] (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Universitas Sumatera Utara.
| Western branches of Malayo-Polynesian languages | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greater Barito * |
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| Sumatran * |
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| Lampungic | |||||||||
| Madurese | |||||||||
| Bali–Sasak –Sumbawa | |||||||||
| Isolates | |||||||||
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