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Battle of Silistra
Part of Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria
Rus' invasion of Bulgaria
Date spring 967/968 Location near Silistra, Bulgaria or Romania Result Rus' victory
Belligerents
Bulgaria	Kievan Rus
Commanders and leaders
Peter I of Bulgaria	Sviatoslav Igorevich
Strength
30,000	10,000-60,000
Casualties and losses
Heavy	Heavy

The Battle of Silistra occurred in the spring of 968 near the Bulgarian town of Silistra, but most probably on the modern territory of Romania. It was fought between the armies of Bulgaria and Kievan Rus' and resulted in a Rus' victory. Upon the news of the defeat, the Bulgarian emperor Peter I abdicated. The invasion of the Rus' prince Sviatoslav was a heavy blow for the Bulgarian Empire, which by 971 lost its eastern provinces to the Byzantine Empire.

Origins of the conflict

From the 940s the Magyars began repeatedly to launch pillage raids into the Bulgarian Empire. Emperor Peter I was unable to stop them and as the Byzantines were unwilling to send any help he finally allied with the Magyars and gave them safe passage through Bulgaria to attack Byzantine Thrace. In 968 the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros II Phokas paid the Kievan knyaz Sviatoslav Igorevich to attack Bulgaria in answer of the alliance between the Bulgarian emperor Peter I and the Magyars.

Battle

Sviatoslav Igorevich gathered 10,000 or 60,000 troops and started his campaign in the early spring of 968. He met the Bulgarians, who were less than his army , near Silistra. The battle continued the whole day and until dark the Bulgarians seemed to have overwhelmed the Kievans, but, elated by Sviatoslav's personal example, the latter were victorious. The loss forced the Bulgarian tsar to shut himself up in Druster. During this time, Svetoslav plundered the Bulgarian lands unhindered, but soon a message about a Pecheneg attack on Kiev made him return to his homeland, taking with him a rich booty.

Aftermath

The Rus' forces continued their victorious campaign. According to the Bulgarian historian Vasil Zlatarski, Sviatoslav seized 80 towns in northeastern Bulgaria. They were looted and destroyed but not permanently occupied. Tsar Peter I suffered an epileptic stroke when he received news of the defeat. The Rus' wintered at Pereyaslavets, while the Bulgarians retreated to the fortress of Dorostolon (Silistra). Sviatoslav Igorevich was eventually forced to return to Kiev after Bulgarian diplomacy inspired the Pechenegs to besiege his capital. During his absence, the new Bulgarian army managed to temporarily recapture the fortress of Pereyaslavets and repulse the Rus' garrisons from the remaining conquered fortresses out of the Bulgarian lands.

Siege

The reality of what happened during the siege remains a debatable issue, Russian sources claim that after the victory in the battle, the Rus' warriors took the remaining Dorostolon and other cities in Bulgaria, Bulgarian sources claim that the Bulgarians successfully repelled the siege of the Rus. Some sources do not mention the siege at all after the battle.

References

1. Zlatarski 1971, pp. 554–555.
2. Kolev, Ivomir. "The fall of Preslav - the blow that shaped Bulgarian history (In Bulgarian)". Bulgarian History.
3. Pavlov, Plamen (2014). Векът на цар Самуил [The century of tsar Samuel] (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Изток и запад. p. 33. ISBN 978-619-152-502-7.
4. Kolev, Ivomir. "The fall of Preslav - the blow that shaped Bulgarian history (In Bulgarian)". Bulgarian History.
5. ^ Егоршина 2023, p. 9.
6. ^ Velichko et al. 1912.
7. ^ Karamzin 2020, p. 62.
8. Kolev, Ivomir. "The fall of Preslav - the blow that shaped Bulgarian history (In Bulgarian)". Bulgarian History.
9. Kolev, Ivomir. "The fall of Preslav - the blow that shaped Bulgarian history (In Bulgarian)". Bulgarian History.
10. Zlatarski 1971, pp. 554–555
11. "It is not my pleasure to be in Kiev, but I will live in Pereyaslavets on the Danube. That shall be the centre of my land; for there all good things flow: gold from the Greeks , precious cloths, wines and fruits of many kinds; silver and horses from the Czechs and Magyars; and from the Rus' furs, wax, honey and slaves." – Sviatoslav, according to the Primary Chronicle.Stephenson 2000, p. 49
12. Whittow 1996, p. 260
13. Pavlov, Plamen (2024). Забравеното средновековие [The forgotten Medieval ages] (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Българска история. p. 76. ISBN 978-619-7688-32-0.
14. Gumilev 2023, p. 67.
15. Pavlov, Plamen (2014). Векът на цар Самуил [The century of tsar Samuel] (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Изток и запад. p. 33. ISBN 978-619-152-502-7.
16. Velikova, Neli. "Druster - the glorious palace on the Danube". Bulgarian history."However, in 969, the Kiev prince Svetoslav was in front of the walls of the city and managed to capture it".
17. Ivanov, Ivelin. "Knyaz Svyatoslav of Kiev's 968-971 campaigns against Bulgaria in the context of the 9 th - 11 th c. Norman invasion". Research gate.
18. Wasilewski T. Historia Bułgarii. — Wrocław: Ossolineum, 1983. — P. 62. — ISBN 83-0402466-7

Bibliography

• Zlatarski, Vasil (1971) , "Part II. From the Slavinization of the Country to the Fall of the First Empire (852–1018).", History of the Bulgarian state in the Middle Ages, Volume I. History of the First Bulgarian Empire (in Bulgarian) (2nd ed.), Sofia: Nauka i izkustvo, OCLC 67080314
• Obolensky, Dimitri (1971), The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500–1453, New York: Praeger Publishers, ISBN 978-0-297-00343-4
• Stephenson, Paul (2000), Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900–1204, Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-77017-3
• Whittow, Mark (1996). The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20496-6.
• Атанас Пейчев и колектив, 1300 години на стража, Военно издателство, София 1984.
• Йордан Андреев, Милчо Лалков, Българските ханове и царе, Велико Търново, 1996.
• Божидар Димитров, Българите-първите европейци, София, 2002.
• Егоршина, Петрова (2023). История русской армии [The history of the Russian Army] (in Russian). Moscow: Edition of the Russian Imperial Library. ISBN 978-5-699-42397-2.
• Karamzin, Nikolay (2020) . История Государства Российского [History of the Russian state]. St.Petersburg: Азбука. ISBN 978-5-389-10418-1.
• Gumilev, Lev (2023) . От Руси к России [For Rus' to Russia]. Эксклюзивная классика (revised ed.). Moscow: AST. ISBN 978-5-17-153845-3.
• Velichko, Konstantin; Novitsky, Vasily; Schwartz, Alexey von; Apushkin, Vladimir; Schoultz, Gustav von (1912). "ДОРОСТОЛЪ" [The Dorostol]. Sytin Military Encyclopedia (in Russian). Vol. 9: Двина Западная-Елец. Типография Т-ва И. Д. Сытина. p. 195.

Notes

1. Russian sources give the date 967, and Bulgarian sources 968

• Battles involving the First Bulgarian Empire
• Battles involving Kievan Rus'
• History of Silistra
• 10th century in Bulgaria
• 10th century in Kievan Rus'
• 968
• 960s conflicts