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Battle of Steamroller Farm
Part of Operation Ochsenkopf
Date 26 February to 1 March 1943 Location El Aroussa, Tunisia36°27′17″N 9°30′31″E / 36.45472°N 9.50861°E / 36.45472; 9.50861 (Battle of Steamroller Farm) Result British victory
Belligerents
United Kingdom	Germany
Commanders and leaders
Nelson Russell Derek Mills-Roberts	Joseph Schmid Walter Koch Gerhard Schirmer
Casualties and losses
~100 losses total (6 Commando)	150–200 officers and men (British estimate)

The Battle of Steamroller Farm took place during the Second World War between 26 February and 1 March 1943, during the Tunisian campaign, in which the Western Allies defeated the Axis powers and ended the war in North Africa. The battle was the result of a German attempt to launch an attack against the advancing British First Army in order to buy time for an attack on the British Eight Army on the Mareth line. After two days of fighting along the road between El Aroussa and Medjez El-bab, primarily at a position known as "Steamroller Farm", the Germans withdrew.

Background

Following the defeat of Rommel's Afrika Korps in the Western Desert by British and Commonwealth forces at the battle of El Alamein in November 1942, and the successful occupation of Morocco and Algeria by Anglo-American forces during the same month, Axis forces had moved in to and occupied the French colony of Tunisia to forestall Allied forces and provide an area for the Afrika Korps to retreat in to. Tunisia thus formed a final bridgehead for the Axis forces of fascist Italy and Nazi Germany in North Africa.

Despite the long route from Algeria, Allied forces advancing from the west came within 20 km of Tunis by late November 1942. However, these forces were then pushed back by arriving Axis forces and by the end of 1942 the front in western Tunisia had stabilised roughly along line running from a point on the coast approximately 40 km to the west of Tunis southwards, through Medjez el Bab and El Aroussa. During the same period the British Eighth army under Montgomery had pursued the Afrika Korps through Libya, finally reaching the Mareth Line in south-eastern Tunisia by January 1943.

Tunisia and Operation Ochsenkopf

Upon his arrival in Tunisia in January 1943, the German commander of the Afrika Korps, Erwin Rommel, dismissing the possibility of a serious threat from the Eighth Army until they had properly cleared the harbour of Tripoli, planned a series of counter-attacks against Allied forces in the west in order to knock them back. In the first of these, at Faïd Pass on 30 January 1943, Free French and US forces had been driven from the pass. Two weeks later on 14 February at Sidi Bou Zid, US forces had suffered a serious reversal and the central Tunisian town of Sbeitla had been captured. On 19 February another Axis attack was launched at the Kasserine Pass, and in a five-day battle the Americans suffered another reversal.

The German plan of attack

On 20 February 1943 the German general Hans-Jürgen von Arnim assumed command of the 5th Panzer Army, itself under Panzer Army Africa headed by Rommel. Without consulting Rommel, but with Kesselring's permission, von Arnim decided to launch a series counter-attack at three points in the west against the V Corps of the British First Army. The forces that would be used for this were Korpsgruppe Weber a battlegroup comprising a mixture of the German 334th Infantry Division, elements of the Luftwaffe Hermann Göring Division which was in the process of deploying in to Tunisia, and elements of the 10th Panzer Division, under the command of Friedrich Weber. This attack was code-named Ochsenkopf (Ox-head). Together with this, in an subsidiary attack code-named Ausladung, an armoured battlegroup under Hasso von Manteuffel was to attack along the coast at Sejenane.

The southernmost of these attacks was to be carried out by Kampfgruppe Schmid under German Luftwaffe general Joseph Schmid, commanding the leading elements of the Herman Goering division that had arrived in Tunisia. As part of this attack, a grouping under Walter Koch, consisting of the two battalions of the 5th German Fallschirmjäger regiment, and a company of 11 tanks from the 7th Panzer Regiment, was tasked with seizing the pass at Bir el Krima and then advancing through the Mahmoud Gap, between Sidi Mahmoud and Djebel Rihane, to El Aroussa, to capture the road-junction there. The two battalions of this attack were in turn divided in to two different thrusts - the 3rd battalion commanded by Schirmer and mounted on lorries was to advance through the southern end of the Mahmoud Gap on El Aroussa along the road from Medjez El Bab, and link up with the 1st battalion advancing along Djebel Rihane in the area of El Aroussa. By this manoeuvre, the Germans sought to outflank the British position at Bou Arada further to the south.

This sector was held by the roughly 250 light infantry of 6 Commando under Lieutenant-Colonel Derek Mills-Roberts, and Y Division, an ad-hoc formation built around the 38th Irish Brigade under the command of Nelson Russell tasked with defending the Bou Arada plain. With Russell assuming the role of commander of Y Division, Lieutenant-Colonel Scott had assumed command of the Irish Brigade, with the Brigade headquarters located on the slopes of Djebel Rihane.

Battle

The German attack: 26–27 February

Starting their advance before dawn on 26 February, the attack of Kampfgruppe Schmid enjoyed initial success. With a company of Fallschirmjäger riding on the tanks and the rest following in lorries, the pass at Bir El Krima was quickly over-run. By dawn a lorry-mounted troop of 6 Commando under Lieutenant Bonvin had encountered the leading elements of the German attack and engaged them near a farm designated as the meeting point of the 3rd and 1st Fallschirmjäger battalions which, because it had a steamroller in its yard, became known as "Steamroller Farm".

Thinking that Bonvin had simply encountered a German patrol, Mills-Roberts launched a series of counter-attacks with all four of the troops available to him, designed to drive them back east. Realising his mistake, Mills-Roberts then called for assistance from the divisional reconnaissance troops, who came up in Bren carriers. With the assistance of the reconnaissance force a counter-attack was launched and some of Bonvin's men returned to British lines, though a number were taken prisoner. At around noon German medium tanks (identified as Panzer IVs by Frank Barton, a member of 6 Commando) came up and the commandos, lacking anti-tank weapons and having delayed the Germans and inflicted losses on them, withdrew.

At 13:00 hours a squadron of Churchill tanks from the 142nd regiment of the Royal Armoured Corp, itself freshly arrived in the theatre and with novice crews, arrived to engage the German armour advancing on El Aroussa. During the four-hour engagement, which took place at long range (roughly 1 kilometre) the Germans scored multiple hits on the Churchills without inflicting losses, but the British claimed seven German tanks knocked out and two damaged, leaving the Germans with only two operational tanks. The British tanks, together with artillery fire, infantry of the Royal Irish Fusiliers ("the Faughs") and resistance from an armoured car squardon of the Derbyshire Yeomanry, stopped any further German advance on El Aroussa.

On the 27th the Irish Brigade launched a series of five counterattacks. These did not break through, but under their pressure the Germans fell back to Steamroller farm and dug in there.

Counterattack: 28 February to 1 March

With the El Aroussa - Medjez El Bab road cut by the German occupation of Steamroller Farm, on the evening of 27 February the commander of Y division decided to dispatch a force to probe along the road from El Aroussa toward the farm. The force selected for this task was a company of the Coldstream Guards from the newly arrived 1st Guards Brigade, a troop of four 25 pounder artillery guns, and A Squadron, 51st Royal Tank Regiment under Major Hadfield, equipped with 9 Churchill tanks. Arriving in the vicinity of Steamroller Farm, Hadfield's squadron was hit by intense defensive fire, which damaged a number of the Churchills. Two Churchills were also knocked out by an attack by Stuka dive-bombers. Two Churchills, the leading one of which was commanded by Captain Hollands, assaulted the hill behind Steamroller Farm on which two 88mm FlaK guns and several anti-tank guns had been positioned. Despite having no high-explosive ammunition for their Churchill's six-pounder gun, the steep slope of the hill, and taking a glancing hit on the turret at point-blank range from one of the 88mm guns, Hollands' tank ascended the hill and the FlaK cannons and anti-tank guns were all silenced with machine-gun fire and six-pounder armour-piercing rounds.

Cresting the hill, Hollands saw a large quantity of German personnel and vehicles located behind it, and together with the following Churchill commanded by Lieutenant Renton, opened fire on them inflicting significant losses. The Germans attempted to counter-attack with the remaining two Panzer III tanks, however these were both destroyed by Renton's Churchill. After this, Hollands decided to retire from the hill, and similarly shocked by their defeat the Germans also withdrew. The following day, Steamroller Farm was occupied by the Guards, bringing the battle to a close.

Aftermath

Casualties

Result

Notes

Footnotes

1. Baker, Anthony (1986). Battle Honours of the British and Commonwealth Armies. Ian Allan. p. 327. ISBN 9780711016002. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
2. deZeng, Henry L.; Stankey, Douglas G. (2017). Luftwaffe Officer Career Summaries, Section S-Z (PDF). p. 77. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
3. ^ Rolf, David (2001). The Bloody Road To Tunis. Greenhill Books. p. 154. ISBN 1853674451. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
4. Featherstone, Donald F. (June 1977). "Steamroller Farm 1943". War Monthly (39). Marshall Cavendish Ltd.: 27. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
5. Watson, Bruce Allen (2007) . Exit Rommel: The Tunisian Campaign, 1942–43. Stackpole Military History Series. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-8117-3381-6. OCLC 40595324.
6. Messenger, Charles (1982). The Tunisian campaign. Ian Allan. pp. 56–57. ISBN 0711011923. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
7. Pallud, Jean Paul (2022). The Desert War: Then and Now. Pen and Sword. p. 485. ISBN 9781870067775. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
8. ^ Forczyk, Robert (2023). Desert Armour: Tank Warfare in North Africa: Gazala to Tunisia, 1942-43. Osprey Publishing. p. 250. ISBN 9781472851888. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
9. ^ Doherty, Richard (1993). Clear the Way!: A History of the 38th (Irish Brigade, 1941-47). Irish Academic Press. p. 41. ISBN 9780716525424. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
10. Howe, George F. (1957). Northwest Africa: Seizing the Initiative in the West (United States Army in World War II: The Mediterranean Theater of Operations). Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. pp. 507–508. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
11. ^ Lucas, James Signey (1990). Storming eagles : German airborne forces in World War Two. Grafton. pp. 165–166. ISBN 0586209840. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
12. Hunter, Robin (2015). True Stories of the Commandos. Virgin Publishing. pp. 114–115. ISBN 9780753540534. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
13. Neillands, Robin (1989). The raiders : the army commandos, 1940-1946. George Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 105. ISBN 0297794264. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
14. Dunning, James (2011). When Shall Their Glory Fade?. Frontline Books. pp. 105–106. ISBN 9781848325975. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
15. Dunning, James (2011). When Shall Their Glory Fade?. Frontline Books. p. 107. ISBN 9781848325975. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
16. Forty, George (1995). Tank action : from the Great War to the Gulf. Alan Sutton Publishing. pp. 116–117. ISBN 0750904798. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
17. Fletcher, David (2019). Churchill Infantry Tank. Osprey. p. 24. ISBN 9781472837349. Retrieved 1 November 2024.

References

Further reading

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External links

{{Tunisian campaign}}

• 1943 in Tunisia
• Battles of World War II involving Germany
• Conflicts in 1943
• February 1943 events
• Land battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom
• March 1943 events
• Tunisian campaign