Battle of Thessalonica (995)

For other battles that took place at Thessalonica, see Battle of Thessalonica.

Battle of Thessalonica

The death of Gregory Taronites, as depicted in the Madrid Skylitzes

Date	995 or before
Location	Near Thessalonica, Greece
Result	Bulgarian victory

Belligerents

Bulgarian Empire

Byzantine Empire

Commanders and leaders

Samuil of Bulgaria

Gregory Taronites †
Ashot Taronites (POW)

Casualties and losses

Light

Heavy

v t e Byzantine–Bulgarian wars
Early wars 1st Constantinople Ongal 1st Anchialus 1st Marcellae Rishki Pass 2nd Anchialus Litosoria 2nd Marcellae Krum's campaigns Serdica Pliska Debeltos Versinikia 1st Adrianople 2nd Constantinople Mesembria Burdizon Simeon I's campaigns War of 894–896 Boulgarophygon War of 913–927 Achelous Katasyrtai Pegae 3rd Constantinople Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria 1st Arcadiopolis Dorostolon Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria Trajan's Gates 1st Thessalonica Spercheios Skopje 2nd Thessalonica Kreta 3rd Thessalonica Kleidion Strumitsa Bitola Setina Dyrrhachium Uprising of Peter Delyan 4th Thessalonica 5th Thessalonica Ostrovo Second Bulgarian Empire Lovech Tryavna 2nd Arcadiopolis Serres Varna Klokotnitsa 2nd Adrianople Uprising of Ivaylo Devina Skafida Rusokastro

Byzantine–Bulgarian wars

Early wars

Krum's campaigns

Simeon I's campaigns

War of 894–896
- Boulgarophygon
War of 913–927

Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria

Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria

Uprising of Peter Delyan

Second Bulgarian Empire

The Battle of Thessalonica (Bulgarian: Битката при Солун) occurred in 995 or earlier, near the city of Thessalonica, Greece. The battle was part of the long Bulgarian–Byzantine war of the late 10th and early 11th centuries. The Bulgarians under their ruler, Tsar Samuil, succeeded in ambushing and destroying the Byzantine garrison of Thessalonica, killing its commander, Gregory Taronites, and capturing his son Ashot.

Origins of the conflict

After the great victory in the Battle of Trajan's Gates, and the subsequent civil war in the Byzantine Empire, Samuil was free to attack the Byzantine strongholds all over the Balkan peninsula. After having secured his rule over most of the northern Balkans, he led a campaign against Thessalonica, Byzantium's second largest city, held by the doux Gregory Taronites.

The exact date of this campaign, and the subsequent battle, is unclear. An Armenian source puts it as early as 991, while the account of John Skylitzes, on which the dating by traditional accounts relies, implies it happened in 996. However, as John Chaldos is attested as doux in Thessalonica in 995/6 in succession to Taronites, the campaign must have happened at the latest in 995, if not some time before.

The battle

Samuil sent a small detachment towards the city, while the main body of his army remained behind to carefully prepare an ambush for the Byzantine army. As the Bulgarian raiding party approached Thessalonica, Gregory Taronites sent out his son, Ashot, with the vanguard to make contact with them and reconnoitre the Bulgarian dispositions. Ashot engaged the Bulgarian raiding party and drove them back, but was drawn into the ambush and encircled with his men. His father, following up with the main Byzantine force, rushed to his rescue, but was killed trying to reach him.

Aftermath

Ashot Taronites was taken captive and taken to Bulgaria, where shortly after he was wed to Samuil's daughter Miroslava. He was named governor of Dyrrhachium, from where he soon escaped on board Byzantine ships to Constantinople, where he arranged the surrender of the city to the Byzantines.

In Thessalonica, Taronites was succeeded by John Chaldos, who likewise fell victim to a Bulgarian ambush and was captured in 996. After that, emboldened by his successes, Samuil ventured south, into the thema of Hellas for a plundering expedition. He captured Larissa and reached Corinth, after which he learned about the approach of a Byzantine army under Nikephoros Ouranos and returned north. The two armies met at the Spercheios river, where Samuil was defeated. The long Byzantine-Bulgarian conflict, however, would go on until the final defeat of Bulgaria in 1018.

References

Holmes 2005, pp. 403–404.
Strässle 2006, pp. 78, 405.
Wortley 2010, pp. 323–324, esp. note 126.
Holmes 2005, pp. 165, 406–407.
Wortley 2010, p. 323.
Holmes 2005, pp. 103–104, 196.
Wortley 2010, pp. 324–325.
Holmes 2005, p. 404 note 15.
Wortley 2010, p. 324 note 126.
Holmes 2005, pp. 163–167.
Wortley 2010, p. 324.

Sources

Йордан Андреев, Милчо Лалков, Българските ханове и царе, Велико Търново, 1996.
Holmes, Catherine (2005). Basil II and the Governance of Empire (976–1025). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-927968-5.
Strässle, Paul Meinrad (2006). Krieg und Kriegführung in Byzanz: die Kriege Kaiser Basileios' II. gegen die Bulgaren (976–1019) (in German). Cologne: Böhlau Verlag. ISBN 3-412-17405-X.
Wortley, John, ed. (2010). John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76705-7.

40°39′N 22°54′E / 40.650°N 22.900°E / 40.650; 22.900

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