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Battle of Vrbanja Bridge
Part of the Bosnian War
French VAB UNPROFOR armoured personnel carriers during the siege of Sarajevo
Date 27 May 1995 Location Vrbanja Bridge, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina43°51′12″N 18°24′23″E / 43.8533°N 18.4065°E / 43.8533; 18.4065 Result French United Nations peacekeepers retake observation post
Belligerents
Army of Republika Srpska (VRS)	UNPROFOR French Army
Commanders and leaders
Unknown	Erik Sandahl [fr] François Lecointre
Strength
14 men 1 captured French armoured personnel carrier	100 men 6 ERC 90 Sagaie armoured cars Several VAB armoured personnel carriers
Casualties and losses
4 killed Several wounded 4 captured (later released)	2 killed 17 wounded 12 taken hostage (later released)
class=notpageimage| Location within Bosnia and HerzegovinaShow map of Bosnia and HerzegovinaBattle of Vrbanja Bridge (Yugoslavia)Show map of Yugoslavia

The Battle of Vrbanja Bridge ([ʋr̩baɲa], wer-bahn-yah) was an armed confrontation which took place on 27 May 1995, between United Nations (UN) peacekeepers from the French Army and elements of the Bosnian Serb Army of Republika Srpska (VRS). The fighting occurred at the Vrbanja Bridge crossing of the Miljacka river in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, during the Bosnian War. The VRS seized the French-manned United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) observation posts on both ends of the bridge, taking hostage 12 French peacekeepers. Ten were taken away, and two were kept at the bridge as human shields.

A platoon of 30 French peacekeepers led by Captain François Lecointre recaptured the bridge with the support of 70 French infantrymen and direct fire from armoured vehicles. During the French assault, elements of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) opened fire on the VRS-held observation posts on their own initiative, accidentally wounding one French hostage. Two French soldiers were killed during the battle, and 17 were wounded. The VRS's casualties were four killed, several wounded and four captured. After the battle, VRS forces were observed to be less likely to engage French UN peacekeepers deployed in the city. In 2017, Lecointre, by then an army general, was appointed as France's Chief of the Defence Staff.

Background

The Vrbanja Bridge was located in no-man's land between the besieged Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Armija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine, ARBiH) and the surrounding Army of Republika Srpska (Vojska Republike Srpske, VRS) during the 1992–1996 siege of Sarajevo in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was surrounded by tall buildings, which made it a target of sniper-fire from the beginning of the Bosnian War. On 5 April 1992, protestors were shot on the bridge by armed Bosnian Serb police. Two women, Suada Dilberović and Olga Sučić, died as a result, and are considered by many to be the first victims of the war.

In March 1995, while the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was planning a new strategy in support of the United Nations (UN) peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a ceasefire brokered by former United States President Jimmy Carter between the ARBiH and the VRS expired and fighting resumed. As the struggle gradually widened, the ARBiH launched a large-scale offensive around Sarajevo. In response, the VRS seized heavy weapons from a UN-guarded depot and began shelling targets around the city, prompting the Commander of Bosnia and Herzegovina Command, British Lieutenant General Rupert Smith, to request NATO air strikes against the VRS. NATO responded on 25 and 26 May 1995 by bombing a VRS ammunition dump in the Bosnian Serb capital, Pale. The mission was carried out by United States Air Force F-16s and Spanish Air Force EF-18A Hornets armed with laser-guided bombs. The VRS then seized 377 United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) hostages and used them as human shields for a variety of potential NATO airstrike targets in Bosnia and Herzegovina, forcing NATO to end air operations against the VRS. Of the UN hostages taken by the Bosnian Serbs, 92 were French.

Battle

VRS attack

On 27 May 1995 at 04:30, VRS soldiers posing as French troops captured the UN observation posts on both ends of the Vrbanja Bridge without firing a shot. They wore French uniforms, flak jackets, helmets, and personal weapons and drove a French armoured personnel carrier (APC) – all captured from UN troops detained outside the city. The Serbs disarmed the twelve French peacekeepers on the bridge at gunpoint. Ten were taken away, and two hostages remained at the bridge as human shields. According to Colonel Erik Sandahl [fr], commander of the 4th French Battalion (FREBAT4) which was at that time provided by the 3rd Marine Infantry Regiment, "when the Serbs took our soldiers under their control by threat, by dirty tricks, they began to act as terrorists, you cannot support this. You must react. The moment comes when you have to stop it. Full stop. And we did."

French reaction

The first evidence the French UN troops received that something was wrong at the Vrbanja Bridge was radio silence from the French post. About 05:20, the company commander, Captain François Lecointre, unable to make radio contact with the posts, drove to the bridge to find out what was happening. He was met by a Serb sentry in French uniform who attempted to take him prisoner. Lecointre quickly turned around and drove to Skenderija stadium, the headquarters of FREBAT4. When news of the takeover of the bridge reached the newly elected French President, Jacques Chirac, he circumvented the UN chain of command and ordered an assault to retake the bridge from the Bosnian Serbs.

The French command in Bosnia-Herzegovina responded by sending a platoon of 30 FREBAT4 troops from the 3rd Marine Infantry Regiment to re-capture the northern end of the bridge, backed by another 70 French infantry, six ERC 90 Sagaie armoured cars and several VAB APCs. The assault force was led by Lecointre, who approached the northern edge of the bridge following the usual route of the UN convoys. Fourteen VRS soldiers were in the post at the time of the assault. With bayonets fixed, the French marines overran a bunker held by the VRS, at the cost of the life of one Frenchman, Private Jacky Humblot [fr]. The assault was supported by 90-millimetre (3.5 in) direct fire from the armoured cars, and heavy machine-gun fire. The VRS responded with mortar bombs and fire from anti-aircraft weapons. The second French soldier to die in the battle, Private Marcel Amaru [fr], was killed by a sniper while supporting the assault from Sarajevo's Jewish cemetery. Seventeen French soldiers were wounded in the clash, while four VRS soldiers were killed, several more were wounded, and four were taken prisoner.

ARBiH snipers joined the fight on their own initiative, accidentally shooting and wounding one French hostage. At the conclusion of the 32-minute-long firefight, the VRS remained in control of the southern end of the bridge, while the French occupied the northern end. The VRS then obtained a truce to recover their dead and wounded, under the threat of killing the French hostages. The wounded French soldier was immediately released and evacuated to a UN hospital. The VRS eventually gave up and abandoned the southern end of the bridge. The second French soldier held as hostage at the bridge, a corporal, managed to escape. The VRS soldiers captured in the action were treated as prisoners of war and detained at an UNPROFOR facility.

Aftermath

Facing the ongoing hostage crisis, Smith and other top UN commanders began to shift strategy. The UN began redeploying its forces to more defensible locations, so that they would be harder to attack and more difficult to take hostage. On 16 June 1995, United Nations Security Council Resolution 998 was passed, establishing a British-French-Dutch UN Rapid Reaction Force (UN RRF) under Smith's direction. Authorised to a strength of 12,500 troops, the UN RRF was a heavily-armed formation with more aggressive rules of engagement, designed to take offensive action if necessary to prevent hostage-taking and enforce peace agreements. The remaining UN hostages taken throughout the country were released two days later, as were the four VRS members captured at the Vrbanja Bridge.

As the UN RRF deployed in June and July, it became clear that the UN was moving towards a peace enforcement stance rather than a peacekeeping one. The British sent artillery and an air-mobile brigade including attack helicopters, and the force did not paint its vehicles white or wear blue helmets, as was usual on UN missions. On 1 August, following the fall of the United Nations Safe Areas (UNSA) of Srebrenica and Žepa to the VRS, senior British, French, and US officers warned the VRS commander, General Ratko Mladić, that any further attacks on UNSAs would result in NATO and the UN using "disproportionate" and "overwhelming" force.

According to the top French officers involved in the battle, the action at the Vrbanja Bridge showed the VRS that UNPROFOR's attitude had changed. Following the battle, VRS forces were observed to be less likely to engage the French UN peacekeepers deployed in the city. Lieutenant Colonel Erik Roussel, an officer from FREBAT4 who had participated in the operation, said later that "since the incident, the Serbs are strangely quiet towards us." Chirac's actions were not backed by all of his government, and the Chief of the Defence Staff, Admiral Jacques Lanxade, threatened to resign. Lanxade was supported by French Prime Minister Alain Juppé and Defence Minister Charles Millon, but they were overruled by Chirac.

On 30 August, at the commencement of NATO's Operation Deliberate Force, with the combined air and ground campaign against the VRS, the UN RRF fired 600 artillery rounds on VRS artillery positions around Sarajevo. The UN RRF played an important part in ending the siege and in forcing the Bosnian Serbs to the negotiating table later that year. On 20 December 1995, UNPROFOR was relieved by the NATO Implementation Force, following the successful negotiation of the Dayton Agreement peace accords. A memorial to the French soldiers killed in action was unveiled on 5 April 1996, along with a plaque commemorating Dilberović and Sučić. That day, the bridge was renamed the Suada Dilberović Bridge; in 1999 it was renamed the Suada and Olga Bridge (Most Suade i Olge) in memory of both women. In 2017, Lecointre, made famous by the bayonet charge at the bridge and now an army general, was appointed as the French Chief of the Defence Staff.

Positive public opinion in France about French peacekeeping in the Bosnian War remained slightly above average for European countries throughout the mission, with the majority of the French population strongly in favour of military intervention throughout. This was eventually matched by French policy, which had started from a position that deprecated the use of force.

See also

Other incidents involving UNPROFOR clashes with the VRS:

• Operation Bøllebank
• Operation Amanda

Footnotes

1. Leroux-Martin 2014, p. 37.
2. ^ Daly 7 June 1995.
3. Maksić 2017, pp. xv & 2.
4. Beale 1997, p. 33.
5. Burg & Shoup 1999, p. 329.
6. NATO 2003.
7. Ripley 2001, p. 23.
8. Bucknam 2003, p. 215.
9. ^ Rathbun 2018, p. 141.
10. ^ Daly 28 May 1995.
11. ^ Wilkinson 28 May 1995.
12. ^ Cohen 6 June 1995.
13. Biegala 22 July 1995.
14. ^ France 24 20 July 2017.
15. Lasserre 2019, p. 35.
16. Panon 2012, p. 152.
17. Morrison & Lowe 2021, p. 25.
18. Central Intelligence Agency 2002, p. 564.
19. ^ Bucknam 2003, p. 216.
20. ^ Lowe et al. 2010, pp. 116–117.
21. HRW 1996.
22. Corwin 1999, p. 90.
23. Sloan 1998, pp. 73–74.
24. Rathbun 2018, pp. 141–142.
25. NATO 2015.
26. Krilic 7 April 1996.
27. Sarajevo City Council 2021.
28. Schmidt & Schröder 2001, p. 221.
29. Shiraev 2002, p. 117.

References

Books

• Beale, Michael (1997). Bombs over Bosnia: The Role of Airpower in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Montgomery, Alabama: Air University Press. OCLC 946114396.
• Bucknam, Mark (2003). Responsibility of Command. Montgomery, Alabama: Air University Press. ISBN 978-1-58566-115-2.
• Burg, Steven L. & Shoup, Paul S. (1999). The War in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Ethnic Conflict and International Intervention. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-3189-3.
• Central Intelligence Agency, US Government (2002). Balkan Battlegrounds: A Military History of the Yugoslav Conflict, Volume 2. Durham, North Carolina: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Russian and European Analysis. ISBN 978-0-8223-2126-2.
• Corwin, Phillip (1999). Dubious Mandate: A Memoir of the UN in Bosnia, Summer 1995. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-2126-2.
• Lasserre, I. (2019). Le réveil des armées (in French). JC Lattès. ISBN 978-2-7096-6232-1. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
• Leroux-Martin, Philippe (2014). Diplomatic Counterinsurgency: Lessons from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02003-0.
• Lowe, Vaughan; Roberts, Adam; Welsh, Jennifer & Zaum, Dominik (2010). The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-161493-4.
• Maksić, Adis (2017). Ethnic Mobilization, Violence, and the Politics of Affect: The Serb Democratic Party and the Bosnian War. Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina: Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-48293-4.
• Morrison, Kenneth & Lowe, Paul (2021). Reporting the Siege of Sarajevo. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781350081789.
• Panon, X. (2012). Chirac – Le président aux cinq visages (in French). L'Archipel. ISBN 978-2-8098-0669-4. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
• Rathbun, Brian C. (2018). Partisan Interventions: European Party Politics and Peace Enforcement in the Balkans. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-5017-2962-1.
• Ripley, Tim (2001). Conflict in the Balkans, 1991–2000. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-290-6.
• Schmidt, Bettina & Schröder, Ingo (2001). Anthropology of Violence and Conflict. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-22905-0.
• Shiraev, Eric (2002). International Public Opinion and the Bosnia Crisis. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-0480-4.
• Sloan, Elinor Camille (1998). Bosnia and the New Collective Security. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-96165-7.

Web sources

• Biegala, Eric (22 July 1995). "Le jour où les Casques bleus français se sont rebiffés" [The Day the French Peacekeepers Fought Back]. Le Point (in French). Retrieved 9 December 2018.
• Cohen, Roger (6 June 1995). "Bosnia Battle Shows UN's Pride and Limits". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
• Daly, Emma (28 May 1995). "French humiliation sparks battle of Vrbanja bridge". The Independent. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
• Daly, Emma (7 June 1995). "The day the Serbs went a bridge too far". The Independent. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
• "Human Rights Watch World Report 1996: Bosnia-Hercegovina". Human Rights Watch. 1996. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
• Krilic, Samir (7 April 1996). "Memorial held for first victim of war in Bosnia". Indiana Gazette. p. 6 – via Newspaper Archive.
• "Macron names François Lecointre new armed forces chief". France 24. 20 July 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
• "Most Suade i Olge" [Suada and Olga Bridge] (in Serbo-Croatian). Sarajevo City Council. 2021.
• "NATO Marks 20-year Anniversary of IFOR Peacekeeping Mission". North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 18 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
• "Operation Deny Flight Fact Sheet". North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 18 July 2003. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
• Wilkinson, Tracy (28 May 1995). "Pitched Battles Erupt in Sarajevo: Bosnia: Rebel Serbs kill 3 French soldiers in deadliest clashes yet with peacekeepers. Paris threatens pullout. 220 U.N. troops now held hostage. Moscow dispatches envoys". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 8 December 2018.

v t e Bosnian War
Part of the Yugoslav Wars
Belligerents	Bosniak side Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1st Corps 2nd Corps 3rd Corps 4th Corps 5th Corps 6th Corps 7th Corps Paramilitary Patriotic League Green Berets Croatian Defence Forces Bosnian mujahideen Croat side Croatian Defence Council 1OZ 2OZ 3OZ 4OZ Paramilitary Croatian Defence Forces Knights Serb side Army of Republika Srpska 1st Krajina Corps 2nd Krajina Corps 3rd Corps East Bosnia Corps Herzegovina Corps Sarajevo-Romanija Corps Drina Corps Paramilitary Wolves of Vučjak White Eagles Serb Volunteer Guard Scorpions Yellow Wasps Western Bosnian side National Defence of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia
Prelude	Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting Zulfikarpašić–Karadžić agreement RAM Plan Serb Autonomous Regions Bosanska Krajina Herzegovina North-East Bosnia Romanija Establishment of the Croatian Community of Herzeg Bosnia Establishment of Republika Srpska Bosnia and Herzegovina independence referendum Sarajevo wedding attack Declaration of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Battle of Bosanski Brod Sijekovac killings Bijeljina massacre 1992 anti-war protests in Sarajevo
1992	Battle of Kupres Siege of Sarajevo Kazani pit killings Foča ethnic cleansing Bosanski Šamac ethnic cleansing Siege of Srebrenica Zvornik massacre Doboj Snagovo massacre Prijedor ethnic cleansing Sarajevo column incident Siege of Goražde Graz agreement Glogova massacre Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing Tuzla column incident Zaklopača massacre Siege of Doboj Bradina massacre Sarajevo bread line massacre Bijeli Potok massacre Pionirska Street fire Operation Jackal Višegrad massacres Bosanska Jagodina Paklenik Barimo Sjeverin Čemerno massacre Siege of Bihać Ahatovići massacre Croat–Bosniak War Operation Vrbas '92 Operation Corridor 92 Bikavac fire Killings in Bratunac and Srebrenica Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia Korićani Cliffs massacre Mičivode massacre Novoseoci massacre Gornja Jošanica massacre
1993	Kravica attack Duša killings Skelani massacre Štrpci Siege of Mostar Srebrenica shelling Ahmići massacre Trusina massacre Sovići and Doljani killings Zenica massacre Vranica case Dobrinja mortar attack Battle of Žepče Battle of Travnik (1993) Battle of Bugojno Operation Irma Operation Neretva '93 Grabovica massacre Mokronoge massacre Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia Inter-Bosniak conflict in Bosanska Krajina Stupni Do massacre Operation Deny Flight Križančevo Selo killings
1994	Operation Tvigi 94 First Markale massacre Banja Luka incident Washington Agreement Establishment of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Operation Bøllebank Attack on Spin magazine journalists Operation Tiger Operation "Breza '94" Battle of Kupres Operation Amanda Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 347 Operation Spider Operation Winter '94
1995	Operation Vlašić Operation Leap 1 Battle of Orašje Operation Leap 2 Split Agreement Operation Summer '95 Pale air strikes Tuzla shelling Battle of Vrbanja Bridge Srebrenica massacre Kravica Battle of Vozuća Operation Miracle Operation Storm Second Markale massacre NATO bombing campaign Operation Mistral 2 Operation Sana Operation Una Operation Southern Move Exodus of Sarajevo Serbs Dayton Agreement Establishment of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Internment camps	Silos Manjača Liplje Luka Vilina Vlas Omarska Keraterm Trnopolje Sušica Čelebići Musala Batković Dretelj Uzamnica Heliodrom Gabela Vojno Kamenica camp
Aspects	Ethnic cleansing and massacres Bosnian genocide Bosnian genocide denial Internment camps Rape Peace plans NATO intervention Foreign support Foreign fighters
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• Conflicts in 1995
• Bosnian War
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• Battles of the Bosnian War
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• Siege of Sarajevo
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