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BAD
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1G5J
Identifiers
Aliases	BAD, BBC2, BCL2L8, BCL2 associated agonist of cell death
External IDs	OMIM: 603167; MGI: 1096330; HomoloGene: 3189; GeneCards: BAD; OMA:BAD - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 11 (human) Band 11q13.1 Start 64,269,830 bp End 64,284,704 bp
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 19 (mouse) Band 19|19 A Start 6,919,229 bp End 6,929,267 bp
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in mucosa of transverse colon right frontal lobe right auricle apex of heart body of stomach C1 segment olfactory zone of nasal mucosa right coronary artery muscle layer of sigmoid colon left coronary artery Top expressed in blastocyst internal carotid artery external carotid artery lip facial motor nucleus duodenum right kidney pyloric antrum granulocyte morula More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function 14-3-3 protein binding protein phosphatase binding protein binding protein heterodimerization activity cysteine-type endopeptidase activator activity involved in apoptotic process phospholipid binding protein kinase binding lipid binding protein phosphatase 2B binding protein kinase B binding Cellular component cytoplasm cytosol membrane mitochondrial outer membrane mitochondrion Biological process positive regulation of T cell differentiation cellular response to hypoxia regulation of apoptotic process response to amino acid response to estradiol response to hypoxia positive regulation of type B pancreatic cell development response to organic cyclic compound extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway positive regulation of autophagy glucose homeostasis cytokine-mediated signaling pathway response to testosterone positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation positive regulation of B cell differentiation response to progesterone positive regulation of apoptotic process by virus pore complex assembly cellular response to nicotine response to glucocorticoid positive regulation of neuron death response to glucose regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process response to organic substance response to calcium ion positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process ATP metabolic process cellular response to mechanical stimulus activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability positive regulation of protein insertion into mitochondrial membrane involved in apoptotic signaling pathway positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway positive regulation of glucokinase activity spermatogenesis glucose catabolic process intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage positive regulation of proteolysis cerebral cortex development extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand cellular response to lipid positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria response to hormone positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus suppression by virus of host apoptotic process response to ethanol ADP metabolic process activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process cell population proliferation type B pancreatic cell proliferation cellular response to chromate extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors response to hydrogen peroxide response to oleic acid release of cytochrome c from mitochondria positive regulation of insulin secretion apoptotic process intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway apoptotic signaling pathway protein insertion into mitochondrial membrane involved in apoptotic signaling pathway positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress positive regulation of apoptotic process positive regulation of granulosa cell apoptotic process Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 572 12015 Ensembl ENSG00000002330 ENSMUSG00000024959 UniProt Q92934 Q61337 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_032989 NM_004322 NM_007522 NM_001285453 RefSeq (protein) NP_004313 NP_116784 NP_001272382 NP_031548 Location (UCSC) Chr 11: 64.27 – 64.28 Mb Chr 19: 6.92 – 6.93 Mb PubMed search
Wikidata
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Pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein, BAD
complex of bcl-xl with peptide from bad
Identifiers
Symbol	Bcl-2_BAD
Pfam	PF10514
InterPro	IPR018868
Available protein structures: Pfam   structures / ECOD   PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj PDBsum structure summary

The BCL2 associated agonist of cell death (BAD) protein is a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 gene family which is involved in initiating apoptosis. BAD is a member of the BH3-only family, a subfamily of the Bcl-2 family. It does not contain a C-terminal transmembrane domain for outer mitochondrial membrane and nuclear envelope targeting, unlike most other members of the Bcl-2 family. After activation, it is able to form a heterodimer with anti-apoptotic proteins and prevent them from stopping apoptosis.

Mechanism of action

Bax/Bak are believed to initiate apoptosis by forming a pore in the mitochondrial outer membrane that allows cytochrome c to escape into the cytoplasm and activate the pro-apoptotic caspase cascade. The anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins inhibit cytochrome c release through the mitochondrial pore and also inhibit activation of the cytoplasmic caspase cascade by cytochrome c.

Dephosphorylated BAD forms a heterodimer with Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, inactivating them and thus allowing Bax/Bak-triggered apoptosis. When BAD is phosphorylated by Akt/protein kinase B (triggered by PIP₃), it forms the BAD-(14-3-3) protein heterodimer. This leaves Bcl-2 free to inhibit Bax-triggered apoptosis. BAD phosphorylation is thus anti-apoptotic, and BAD dephosphorylation (e.g., by Ca-stimulated Calcineurin) is pro-apoptotic. The latter may be involved in neural diseases such as schizophrenia.

Interactions

Bcl-2-associated death promoter has been shown to interact with:

• BCL2L1
• BCL2A1
• BCL2L2
• Bcl-2
• MCL1
• S100A10
• YWHAQ and
• YWHAZ

See also

• Programmed cell death

References

1. ^ GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000002330 – Ensembl, May 2017
2. ^ GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000024959 – Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. "BAD BCL2 associated agonist of cell death [Homo sapiens (Human)] - Gene - NCBI".
6. Adachi M, Imai K (2002). "The proapoptotic BH3-only protein BAD transduces cell death signals independently of its interaction with Bcl-2". Cell Death Differ. 9 (11): 1240–7. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401097. PMID 12404123.
7. Hsu SY, Kaipia A, Zhu L, Hsueh AJ (1997). "Interference of BAD (Bcl-xL/Bcl-2-associated death promoter)-induced apoptosis in mammalian cells by 14-3-3 isoforms and P11". Mol. Endocrinol. 11 (12): 1858–67. doi:10.1210/mend.11.12.0023. PMID 9369453.
8. Helmreich, E.J.M. (2001) The Biochemistry of Cell Signalling, pp. 238-43
9. E.J.M. (2001) The Biochemistry of Cell Signalling, pp. 242
10. Foster, T.C. et al. (2001) J. Neurosci. 21, 4066-4073, "Calcineurin Links Ca++ Dysregulation with Brain Aging"(
11. ^ Chen L, Willis SN, Wei A, Smith BJ, Fletcher JI, Hinds MG, Colman PM, Day CL, Adams JM, Huang DC (February 2005). "Differential targeting of prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins by their BH3-only ligands allows complementary apoptotic function". Mol. Cell. 17 (3): 393–403. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2004.12.030. PMID 15694340.
12. Jin Z, Xin M, Deng X (April 2005). "Survival function of protein kinase C{iota} as a novel nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-activated bad kinase". J. Biol. Chem. 280 (16): 16045–52. doi:10.1074/jbc.M413488200. PMID 15705582.
13. Strobel T, Tai YT, Korsmeyer S, Cannistra SA (November 1998). "BAD partly reverses paclitaxel resistance in human ovarian cancer cells". Oncogene. 17 (19): 2419–27. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1202180. PMID 9824152.
14. Zhang H, Nimmer P, Rosenberg SH, Ng SC, Joseph M (August 2002). "Development of a high-throughput fluorescence polarization assay for Bcl-x(L)". Anal. Biochem. 307 (1): 70–5. doi:10.1016/S0003-2697(02)00028-3. PMID 12137781.
15. ^ Ayllón V, Cayla X, García A, Fleischer A, Rebollo A (July 2002). "The anti-apoptotic molecules Bcl-xL and Bcl-w target protein phosphatase 1alpha to Bad". Eur. J. Immunol. 32 (7): 1847–55. doi:10.1002/1521-4141(200207)32:7<1847::AID-IMMU1847>3.0.CO;2-7. PMID 12115603.
16. Komatsu K, Miyashita T, Hang H, Hopkins KM, Zheng W, Cuddeback S, Yamada M, Lieberman HB, Wang HG (January 2000). "Human homologue of S. pombe Rad9 interacts with BCL-2/BCL-xL and promotes apoptosis". Nat. Cell Biol. 2 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1038/71316. PMID 10620799. S2CID 52847351.
17. ^ Yang E, Zha J, Jockel J, Boise LH, Thompson CB, Korsmeyer SJ (January 1995). "Bad, a heterodimeric partner for Bcl-XL and Bcl-2, displaces Bax and promotes cell death". Cell. 80 (2): 285–91. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90411-5. PMID 7834748. S2CID 10343291.
18. Petros AM, Nettesheim DG, Wang Y, Olejniczak ET, Meadows RP, Mack J, Swift K, Matayoshi ED, Zhang H, Thompson CB, Fesik SW (Dec 2000). "Rationale for Bcl-xL/Bad peptide complex formation from structure, mutagenesis, and biophysical studies". Protein Sci. 9 (12): 2528–34. doi:10.1110/ps.9.12.2528. PMC 2144516. PMID 11206074.
19. Chattopadhyay A, Chiang CW, Yang E (July 2001). "BAD/BCL-[X(L)] heterodimerization leads to bypass of G0/G1 arrest". Oncogene. 20 (33): 4507–18. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1204584. PMID 11494146.
20. Iwahashi H, Eguchi Y, Yasuhara N, Hanafusa T, Matsuzawa Y, Tsujimoto Y (November 1997). "Synergistic anti-apoptotic activity between Bcl-2 and SMN implicated in spinal muscular atrophy". Nature. 390 (6658): 413–7. Bibcode:1997Natur.390..413I. doi:10.1038/37144. PMID 9389483. S2CID 1936633.
21. Komatsu K, Wharton W, Hang H, Wu C, Singh S, Lieberman HB, Pledger WJ, Wang HG (November 2000). "PCNA interacts with hHus1/hRad9 in response to DNA damage and replication inhibition". Oncogene. 19 (46): 5291–7. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203901. PMID 11077446.
22. ^ Bae J, Hsu SY, Leo CP, Zell K, Hsueh AJ (October 2001). "Underphosphorylated BAD interacts with diverse antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins to regulate apoptosis". Apoptosis. 6 (5): 319–30. doi:10.1023/A:1011319901057. PMID 11483855. S2CID 23119757.
23. Holmgreen SP, Huang DC, Adams JM, Cory S (June 1999). "Survival activity of Bcl-2 homologs Bcl-w and A1 only partially correlates with their ability to bind pro-apoptotic family members". Cell Death Differ. 6 (6): 525–32. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4400519. PMID 10381646.
24. ^ Hsu SY, Kaipia A, Zhu L, Hsueh AJ (November 1997). "Interference of BAD (Bcl-xL/Bcl-2-associated death promoter)-induced apoptosis in mammalian cells by 14-3-3 isoforms and P11". Mol. Endocrinol. 11 (12): 1858–67. doi:10.1210/mend.11.12.0023. PMID 9369453.
25. Yang H, Masters SC, Wang H, Fu H (June 2001). "The proapoptotic protein Bad binds the amphipathic groove of 14-3-3zeta". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1547 (2): 313–9. doi:10.1016/S0167-4838(01)00202-3. PMID 11410287.

Further reading

• Tolstrup M, Ostergaard L, Laursen AL, Pedersen SF, Duch M (2004). "HIV/SIV escape from immune surveillance: focus on Nef". Curr. HIV Res. 2 (2): 141–51. doi:10.2174/1570162043484924. PMID 15078178.
• Jiang P, Du W, Wu M (2007). "p53 and Bad: remote strangers become close friends". Cell Res. 17 (4): 283–5. doi:10.1038/cr.2007.19. PMID 17404594.
• Yang E, Zha J, Jockel J, Boise LH, Thompson CB, Korsmeyer SJ (1995). "Bad, a heterodimeric partner for Bcl-XL and Bcl-2, displaces Bax and promotes cell death". Cell. 80 (2): 285–91. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90411-5. PMID 7834748. S2CID 10343291.
• Zha J, Harada H, Yang E, Jockel J, Korsmeyer SJ (1996). "Serine phosphorylation of death agonist BAD in response to survival factor results in binding to 14-3-3 not BCL-X(L)". Cell. 87 (4): 619–28. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81382-3. PMID 8929531. S2CID 860908.
• Wang HG, Rapp UR, Reed JC (1996). "Bcl-2 targets the protein kinase Raf-1 to mitochondria". Cell. 87 (4): 629–38. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81383-5. PMID 8929532. S2CID 16559750.
• Inohara N, Ding L, Chen S, Núñez G (1997). "harakiri, a novel regulator of cell death, encodes a protein that activates apoptosis and interacts selectively with survival-promoting proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L)". EMBO J. 16 (7): 1686–94. doi:10.1093/emboj/16.7.1686. PMC 1169772. PMID 9130713.
• Zha J, Harada H, Osipov K, Jockel J, Waksman G, Korsmeyer SJ (1997). "BH3 domain of BAD is required for heterodimerization with BCL-XL and pro-apoptotic activity". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (39): 24101–4. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.39.24101. PMID 9305851.
• Hsu SY, Kaipia A, Zhu L, Hsueh AJ (1997). "Interference of BAD (Bcl-xL/Bcl-2-associated death promoter)-induced apoptosis in mammalian cells by 14-3-3 isoforms and P11". Mol. Endocrinol. 11 (12): 1858–67. doi:10.1210/mend.11.12.0023. PMID 9369453.
• del Peso L, González-García M, Page C, Herrera R, Nuñez G (1997). "Interleukin-3-induced phosphorylation of BAD through the protein kinase Akt". Science. 278 (5338): 687–9. Bibcode:1997Sci...278..687D. doi:10.1126/science.278.5338.687. PMID 9381178.
• Ottilie S, Diaz JL, Horne W, Chang J, Wang Y, Wilson G, Chang S, Weeks S, Fritz LC, Oltersdorf T (1997). "Dimerization properties of human BAD. Identification of a BH-3 domain and analysis of its binding to mutant BCL-2 and BCL-XL proteins". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (49): 30866–72. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.49.30866. PMID 9388232.
• Huang DC, Adams JM, Cory S (1998). "The conserved N-terminal BH4 domain of Bcl-2 homologues is essential for inhibition of apoptosis and interaction with CED-4". EMBO J. 17 (4): 1029–39. doi:10.1093/emboj/17.4.1029. PMC 1170452. PMID 9463381.
• Blume-Jensen P, Janknecht R, Hunter T (1998). "The kit receptor promotes cell survival via activation of PI 3-kinase and subsequent Akt-mediated phosphorylation of Bad on Ser136". Curr. Biol. 8 (13): 779–82. Bibcode:1998CBio....8..779B. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(98)70302-1. PMID 9651683. S2CID 15596347.
• Strobel T, Tai YT, Korsmeyer S, Cannistra SA (1998). "BAD partly reverses paclitaxel resistance in human ovarian cancer cells". Oncogene. 17 (19): 2419–27. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1202180. PMID 9824152.
• Song Q, Kuang Y, Dixit VM, Vincenz C (1999). "Boo, a novel negative regulator of cell death, interacts with Apaf-1". EMBO J. 18 (1): 167–78. doi:10.1093/emboj/18.1.167. PMC 1171112. PMID 9878060.
• Yasuda M, Han JW, Dionne CA, Boyd JM, Chinnadurai G (1999). "BNIP3alpha: a human homolog of mitochondrial proapoptotic protein BNIP3". Cancer Res. 59 (3): 533–7. PMID 9973195.
• Wang HG, Pathan N, Ethell IM, Krajewski S, Yamaguchi Y, Shibasaki F, McKeon F, Bobo T, Franke TF, Reed JC (1999). "Ca2+-induced apoptosis through calcineurin dephosphorylation of BAD". Science. 284 (5412): 339–43. Bibcode:1999Sci...284..339W. doi:10.1126/science.284.5412.339. PMID 10195903.
• Holmgreen SP, Huang DC, Adams JM, Cory S (1999). "Survival activity of Bcl-2 homologs Bcl-w and A1 only partially correlates with their ability to bind pro-apoptotic family members". Cell Death Differ. 6 (6): 525–32. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4400519. PMID 10381646.
• Ostrerova N, Petrucelli L, Farrer M, Mehta N, Choi P, Hardy J, Wolozin B (1999). "alpha-Synuclein shares physical and functional homology with 14-3-3 proteins". J. Neurosci. 19 (14): 5782–91. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-14-05782.1999. PMC 6783081. PMID 10407019.
• Scheid MP, Schubert KM, Duronio V (1999). "Regulation of bad phosphorylation and association with Bcl-x(L) by the MAPK/Erk kinase". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (43): 31108–13. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.43.31108. PMID 10521512.
• Bonni A, Brunet A, West AE, Datta SR, Takasu MA, Greenberg ME (1999). "Cell survival promoted by the Ras-MAPK signaling pathway by transcription-dependent and -independent mechanisms". Science. 286 (5443): 1358–62. doi:10.1126/science.286.5443.1358. PMID 10558990.

External links

• bcl-Associated+Death+Protein at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
• Human BAD genome location and BAD gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.

• Genes on human chromosome 11
• Programmed cell death
• Proteins