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Garfish
Feeding, in Greece
1795-1797 illustration
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Beloniformes
Family:	Belonidae
Genus:	Belone
Species:	B. belone
Binomial name
Belone belone (Linnaeus, 1761)
The range of the garfish
Synonyms
List Esox belone Linnaeus, 1761 Belone belone belone (Linnaeus, 1761) Belone bellone (Linnaeus, 1761) Belone longirostris Schinz, 1822 Belone acus Risso, 1827 Belone vulgaris Fleming, 1828 Belone rostrata Faber, 1829 Hemiramphus europaeus Yarrell, 1837 Belone gracilis Lowe, 1839 Belone belone gracilis Lowe, 1839 Hemiramphus balticus Hohnbaum-Hornschuch, 1843 Hemiramphus behnii Hohnbaum-Hornschuch, 1843 Belone vulgaris Valenciennes, 1846 Belone undecimradiata Budge, 1848 Hemiramphus obtusus Couch, 1848 Macrognathus scolopax Gronow, 1854 Belone euxini Günther, 1866 Belone belone euxini Günther, 1866 Belone cornidii Günther, 1866 Belone linnei Malm, 1877

The garfish (Belone belone), also known as the garpike, needlefish or sea needle, is a pelagic, oceanodromous needlefish found in brackish and marine waters of the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean, Caribbean, Black, and Baltic Seas.

Description

The garfish is a long and slender fish with a laterally compressed body, and grows to about 50 to 75 cm (20 to 30 in) in length. The jaws are elongated and armed with sharp teeth. The pectoral, dorsal, and anal fins are situated well back on the body and the latter two are similar in appearance. Positioning the fins so far back gives greater flexibility to the body. The lateral line is set low on the flanks. The colour of the body is bluish green with a silvery grey belly and the bones are green. Garfish are pelagic fish which live close to the water surface. They eat small fish and have a migratory pattern similar to that of the mackerel, arriving a short time before the latter to spawn. Their association with mackerel has led to some older common names such as "mackerel guide" and "mackerel guardian".

Behaviour

Garfish are pelagic fish which live close to the water surface. They eat small fish and have a migratory pattern similar to that of the mackerel, arriving a short time before the latter to spawn. Their association with mackerel has led to some older common names such as "mackerel guide" and "mackerel guardian". They move into shallow waters in April and May and spawn in areas with eelgrass in May and June. In the autumn, they return to the open sea, including the Atlantic west of Ireland and Great Britain. Garfish are oviparous and the eggs are often found attached to objects in the water by tendrils on the egg's surface. Spawning occurs in May and June among seagrass beds with the long sticky tendrils on the chorion adhering to the blades of the sea grasses. The juveniles remain in shallower waters until such time as they attain sexual maturity.

The garfish is a predator which hunts in the open sea seeking out shoals of small fish such as Atlantic herring, sprats, sand eels, and even three-spined sticklebacks. They also feed on free-swimming crustaceans. They frequently forage near to the shore and will hunt in and around natural or manmade features which interrupt tidal flows.

Subspecies

The following subspecies of Belone belone have been recognised:

• Belone belone belone (Linnaeus, 1761) in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean
• Belone belone euxini Günther, 1866 in the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov
• Belone belone acus Risso, 1827 in the Mediterranean Sea and adjacent parts of Atlantic Ocean, Madeira, Canary Islands, Azores, and south to Cape Verde
• Belone belone gracilis Lowe, 1839 from France to the Canary Islands including the Mediterranean

B.b. euxini is treated as a valid species Belone euxini by FishBase while other authorities treat B.B. acus as the species Belone acus, which is synonymous with B.b. gracilis.

Use as food

Garfish are sometimes caught as bycatch, mainly in fixed nets along the coast in shallow waters. If caught with rod and line, they tend to leap out of the water when hooked. Garfish are eaten boiled, fried, baked, grilled, or smoked. They have unusual green bones (due to the presence of biliverdin) which discourages many people from eating them, but the green colour is harmless.

Gallery

References

1. Collette, B.B. (2015). "Belone belone". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T198573A15536157. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T198573A15536157.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
2. ^ "Garfish: Belone belone". NatureGate. Retrieved 2013-12-16.
3. Waltham, Nathan J.; Connolly, Rod M. (March 2006). "Trophic strategies of garfish, Arrhamphus sclerolepis, in natural coastal wetlands and artificial urban waterways". Marine Biology. 148 (5): 1135–1141. doi:10.1007/s00227-005-0154-7. ISSN 0025-3162. S2CID 3897777.
4. ^ "Garfish". britishseafishing.co.uk. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
5. Langmead, O. (2008). Tyler-Walters H.; Hiscock K. (eds.). "Belone belone Garfish". Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Reviews. PMarine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
6. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Belone belone". FishBase. April 2019 version.
7. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Belone euxini". FishBase. April 2019 version.
8. Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Belone". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 28 July 2019.

Further reading

• Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Belone belone". FishBase. Apr 2007 version.
• Reynolds, Francis J., ed. (1921). "Garfish" . Collier's New Encyclopedia. New York: P. F. Collier & Son Company.

External links

• Photos of Garfish on Sealife Collection

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Category WikiProject

• IUCN Red List least concern species
• Belone
• Fish of Europe
• Fish of the Mediterranean Sea
• Fish of the Black Sea
• Fish of the North Sea
• Fish of the Baltic Sea
• Fauna of Macaronesia
• Marine fish of North Africa
• Fish described in 1761
• Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus