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Biligtü Khan (Mongolian: Билэгт; ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭᠲᠦ; Chinese: 必里克圖汗), born Ayushiridara (Mongolian: Аюушридар; ᠠᠶᠣᠰᠢᠷᠢᠳᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ; Chinese: 愛猷識理達臘; Sanskrit: आयुष्य तल् means preservative of life), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Zhaozong of Northern Yuan (Chinese: 北元昭宗; 23 January 1340 – April or May 1378), was an emperor of the Northern Yuan dynasty, reigning from 1370 to 1378. He ascended to the throne after the death of his father Toghon Temür (Emperor Shun). In 1372, he defeated an invading Ming dynasty army and recaptured some regions that were previously lost to the newly founded Ming dynasty.

Early life

Ayushiridara was born in 1340 the eldest son of Toghon Temür (Emperor Shun of Yuan) and Lady Gi, who came from a lower-ranked Goryeo aristocratic family who would eventually be highly influential during her husband's reign. He was given his earliest tuition in Chinese at the house of his father's minister, Toqto'a, at age ten. Toghon Temür's principal empress, Danashiri, bore only one son who died in infancy. The Mongol noyans mostly preferred another Borjigin (Mongol noble) heir, rather than Ayushiridara, as his mother was a former palace maid and tea server. Only after the purge of Danashiri's family and the death of Bayan, were he and his mother accepted at the Yuan court. Induced by his Korean empress, Lady Gi, the Yuan emperor Toghon Temür scheduled to elect his heir apparent in 1353. However, Toqto'a delayed the schedule for unknown reasons. This aroused the anger of the latter's political enemies. The chief minister and his former protégé, Hama of the "Qangli", and Ayushiridara, with the support of his mother, the Empress, Lady Gi, accused Toqto'a of corruption and violation of law while he was fighting the Red Turban Rebellion in 1354. This situation halted Toqto'a, who had been successful in defeating the rebellion, and he was stripped of his dignities and sent to Hoai-nan into exile.

Hama was made first minister and all power was then in his hands. Elated by this success, Hama decided to raise Ayushiridara to the throne. This plot was discovered, Hama was sentenced to exile and strangled by his enemies there in 1356, and Ayushiridara was pardoned. When he became crown prince in 1353, it caused internal strife between his supporters and opponents. Seven years later he and Lady Gi wished the first minister, Tai ping, to convince the Khagan to resign and leave the dominion to Ayushiridara. When Tai ping refused, they poisoned the minister's partisans and forced him to resign. Power passed to a eunuch, Papuhwa, and to Cho Sekin, two weak men. An opposition leader, Bolad-Temür, occupied the capital in 1364. Ayushiridara was ordered back by his father to Dadu. Feeling himself not powerful enough to resist Bolad-Temür's large army, Ayushiridara fled to the Yuan general, Köke Temür. When Bolad-Temür learned that Ayushiridara was advancing with troops, he arrested Lady Gi and forced her to recall her son to the capital. However, Bolad-Temür's commanders deserted to Köke Temür. Toghon Temür secretly ordered Ho chang, son of the prince of Wei chun, to murder Bolad-Temür. After the latter's death, Köke Temür defeated Bolad-Temür's commander Tukiel in 1365. Ayushiridara forced Köke Temür to persuade the Emperor to resign in his favor. The Emperor was unwilling to abdicate, but he appointed his son lieutenant in the Yuan. Köke Temür tried to prevent it, but failed and was stripped of his dignities.

In 1368 the Yuan dynasty was overthrown by the Ming dynasty, and Toghon Temür Khan and his family fled north to Shangdu from Dadu. In 1370 Toghon Temür died in Yingchang. The Ming army captured the city and relatives and Maidarbal, a son of Ayushiridara who escaped safely to Karakorum where he was officially enthroned as Khagan of the Mongols with the Mongolian title of Biligtü (Intelligent).

Reign

Shortly after the succession, he fled to Karakorum and he changed the era name to Xuanguang (宣光, 1371–1378) there. Biligtü Khan made Köke Temür his commander in chief and chingsang of the right hand of the Central Government. The Yuan remnants in Mongolia homeland, known as the Northern Yuan dynasty, still remained overall a strong power during his reign. Its dominions covered the areas from Northeast China to Xinjiang.

Hongwu Emperor demanded Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara to give up his arms several times but failed. In 1372, the former dispatched the Ming army of 150,000 men to Mongolia. Biligtü Khan sent Köke Temür's army against the central division of the Ming army under Xu Da. Xu Da's troops reached Tuul River within 20 days. However, they were routed and their commander barely escaped with a few of his men. The eastern division of the Ming army advanced to Kherlen River, pillaging the Mongolian camps en route. They were suddenly defeated and forced to retreat to Orkhon where another bloody battle ensued. After that they fought the Mongol army under Halajchani and was finally defeated near Karakorum. The western division of the Ming army was forced to retreat due to other divisions' failures, though, they won a series of places.

Ayushiridara asked the assistance from the Yuan's former vassal King Gongmin of Goryeo to fight against the Ming dynasty of China. In his letter to Gongmin, Biligtü Khan says:

"...Oh king, you are a descendant of Genghis Khan same as me. Therefore, we wish you to work with us to establish justice and truth under the heaven..."

On the contrary, King Gongmin refused to help and started an opposition policy against the Mongols, and retook their lands, which were annexed by the Yuan dynasty in the 1270s. Hong Ryun and Choe Mansaeng killed Gongmin in 1374. Yi Inim killed them and sent envoys to the Mongols in Liaoyang and Biligtü Khan quickly recognized the legitimacy of King U, puppet of Yi Inim. Biligtü Khan asked Goryeo to send troops for a joint attack against the Ming fortress. The Goryeo court cautiously refused to help again.

The Mongols conquered Funin and Suijin districts in Sinhe, Liaoning and Hebei provinces in 1373, cutting the Ming from Liaodong. In 1375, Naghachu, a Mongol official in Liaoyang province invaded the Liaodong Peninsula with aims of restoring the Mongols to power and succeeded with the support of the pro-Mongol Jurchens. The Ming ceased its raids into the Northern Yuan. Biligtü Khan's greatest general, Köke Temür, died in 1375. Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara died in 1378 and his half-brother, Tögüs Temür, succeeded to the throne.

Family

• Father: Toghon Temür (妥懽貼睦爾) (25 May 1320 - 23 May 1370)
  1. Grandfather: Khutughtu Khan Kusala (忽都篤汗) (22 December 1300 - 30 September 1329)
  2. Grandmother: Mailati of the Karluks (迈来迪) (? – 1320)
• Mother: Empress Gi (기황후, 奇皇后) (1315 - 1369)
  1. Grandfather: Gi Ja-oh (기자오, 奇子敖) (1266 - 1328)
  2. Grandmother: Lady Lee of Iksan Lee clan (익산 이씨, 益山 李氏)

Consorts and issue(s):

• Empress Consort Kwon/Gwon, of the Korean Andong Kwon clan (權皇后 安东权氏, 29 April 1342 - 1378 or 22 May 1410)
  1. Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khan (1362-1399), first son (Maidilibala in Sanskrit)
  2. Princess Ariun (공주, 公主) (14 September 1377 – 15 February 1423)
     1. Son-in-law - Jorightu Khan Yesüder (卓里克圖汗) (1358 - 1392) had one son

In popular culture

• Portrayed by Seo Sung-kwang, Kim Jong-ho, and Lee Poong-woon in the 2005–2006 MBC TV series Shin Don.
• Portrayed by Kim Jin-woo and Lee Shi-woo in the 2013-2014 MBC TV series Empress Ki.

See also

• List of khans of the Northern Yuan dynasty

References

1. 元昭宗具体出生时间1340年1月23日的考证，详细可参见2000年7月发表于《内蒙古大学学报》的论文《北元昭宗爱猷识理达腊生年考辨》（作者：喜蕾）《北元昭宗爱猷识理达腊生年考辨》
2. "我国初唐时期(公元642年前后)西藏拉萨大昭寺古砖的考古地磁学研究". Chinese Science Bulletin. 22 (12): 547–551. 1 December 1977. doi:10.1360/csb1977-22-12-547. ISSN 0023-074X.
3. Moon Hwang, Kyung (2010). A History of Korea. London: Palgrave. p. 56.
4. Ed. Denis Twitchett, Herbert Franke. The Cambridge history of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368, p. 580.
5. Jeremiah Curtin, The Mongols: A history, p. 399.
6. Jeremiah Curtin, The Mongols: A history, p. 401.
7. Ed. L.Jamsran-Mongol ulsyin tuuh: III boti, p. 24.
8. Ming shi-Köke Temür's biography, p. 124.
9. Mongol undestnyi nevterhi toli, the 3rd book, Huhhot, 1991. p. 5.
10. Goryeosa jeolyo (ko:고려사절요) Gongmin 22nd year, Black Cow. (고려사절요 제29권 / 공민왕 4(恭愍王四)) 계축 22년(1373)
11. Svystunova N.P.-Organizatsiya progranichnoy slujbi na sever Kitay v epohu Ming: Kitay i Sosedi, p. 180.

• 1340 births
• 1378 deaths
• Emperors of the Yuan dynasty
• Northern Yuan khans
• 14th-century Mongol khans
• 14th-century Chinese monarchs